Kalmpourtzidou Aliki, Biasini Beatrice, Rosi Alice, Scazzina Francesca
Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
Nutr Rev. 2025 Sep 1;83(9):1678-1710. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae215.
Unhealthy and unsustainable diets are common worldwide. Health and sustainability need to be balanced because environmentally sustainable diets may lack macro- and/or micronutrients, resulting in nutrient deficiencies.
A systematic review was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines to analyze the environmental impact of current diets and alternative dietary scenarios worldwide based on food-group consumption.
The Scopus, Web of Sciences, and PubMed literature databases were searched. Only studies quantifying the food composition of diets per food group and their environmental impact were eligible.
Data were extracted for food groups as averages, means, or medians, depending on how they were reported in the original publication, for both environmental impact indicators and grams consumed.
A total of 120 original articles from 41 countries were included and 703 diets were analyzed. Current diets were the most prevalent (42%). Among the environmental indicators, carbon footprint (CF) was the most reported (86% of diets), followed by land (36%), total freshwater (22%), blue water (15%), and cumulative energy use (14%). Data about food consumption and environmental impact were available mainly for European countries (n = 471 diets; 67%), and Africa was the most underrepresented continent, with data from only 2 countries.
The environmental impact of food consumption varied widely among diet types and continents, due to methodology heterogeneity of dietary assessment and different definitions of diets and food groups. Diets enhancing healthiness, such as the Mediterranean diet and food-based dietary guidelines, were associated with a higher CF than diets reducing meat consumption. Furthermore, diets including meat substitutes were associated with a higher CF than other plant-based diets that did not include them. Affordable diets involved more freshwater use, whereas acceptable diets that include high amounts of meat intake had a high CF. Finally, extensive research on dietary intake and environmental impact in low- and middle-income countries is required due to lack of available studies and data in these areas.
不健康且不可持续的饮食在全球普遍存在。健康与可持续性需要平衡，因为环境可持续的饮食可能缺乏宏量和/或微量营养素，从而导致营养缺乏。
按照系统评价与荟萃分析的首选报告项目（PRISMA）指南进行了一项系统评价，以基于食物组消费情况分析全球当前饮食及替代饮食方案的环境影响。
检索了Scopus、科学网和PubMed文献数据库。仅纳入了量化每个食物组饮食的食物组成及其环境影响的研究。
根据原始出版物中的报告方式，针对食物组提取数据的平均值、均值或中位数，包括环境影响指标和消费的克数。
纳入了来自41个国家的120篇原始文章，并分析了703种饮食。当前饮食最为普遍（42%）。在环境指标中，碳足迹（CF）的报告最为频繁（占饮食的86%），其次是土地（36%）、总淡水（22%）、蓝水（15%）和累积能源使用（14%）。有关食物消费和环境影响的数据主要来自欧洲国家（n = 471种饮食；67%），非洲是代表性最差的大陆，仅有来自2个国家的数据。
由于饮食评估方法的异质性以及饮食和食物组定义的不同，食物消费的环境影响在饮食类型和各大洲之间差异很大。促进健康的饮食，如地中海饮食和基于食物的膳食指南，与降低肉类消费的饮食相比，碳足迹更高。此外，包含肉类替代品的饮食比不包含肉类替代品的其他植物性饮食的碳足迹更高。经济实惠的饮食涉及更多淡水使用，而包含大量肉类摄入的可接受饮食碳足迹较高。最后，由于低收入和中等收入国家缺乏可用的研究和数据，因此需要对这些国家的饮食摄入量和环境影响进行广泛研究。
