Trela Magdalena, Sołtysik Weronika, Kustra Kamil, Januszewska Aleksandra, Lis Marcin W
Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland; E.G.G Sp. Z o.o. sp. k.Moniuszki 15, 42-672 Wieszowa, Poland.
Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland.
Poult Sci. 2025 Apr 9;104(8):105132. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2025.105132.
Knowledge of the stages of avian embryo development is essential for the supervision of the incubation process in a hatchery. The hatching eggs of Pekin (Cherry Valley) and Mulard ducks (1800 eggs/breed) were incubated at a gradually decreased temperature (from 37.8 to 36.2°C) and RH 65-60 %. Embryological sampling (3 eggs/breed/collection) was on: 0-4, 5-12 and 3- 28/32 days of incubation (d.i) every 6, 12 h and 24 h, respectively. The incubation of the remaining eggs (2 × 1600 eggs) continued until the ducklings hatched. All discarded during candling and unhatched eggs were breakout analysed. The faster embryo development of Pekin duck in comparison to Mulard was already detected on 1 d.i. Two clear peaks of embryo mortality were observed. However, the 1st peak occurred for Pekin duck between 2 - 3 d.i. (HH 11-17), while for Mulard a critical peak in 4d.i. (HH 16-17). The 2nd peak was found for Pekin duck (17.7 % of all deaths) between 22 and 26 d.i., while for Mulard (57.3 % of all deaths) between 24 - 30 d.i. with the sharp mortality during the external pipping (29 d.i.). From the beginning of incubation, the subsequent stages of embryonic development of the Mulard are observed later than in the Peking duck. Moreover, both breeds of ducks are characterized by the different patterns of the timeline of embryo mortality. For this reason, the incubation program needs to be targeted individually for each with these breeds.
了解禽类胚胎发育阶段对于孵化场孵化过程的监控至关重要。北京鸭（樱桃谷鸭）和骡鸭的种蛋（每个品种1800枚）在温度逐渐降低（从37.8降至36.2°C）、相对湿度65 - 60%的条件下孵化。胚胎学取样（每个品种每次收集3枚蛋）分别在孵化的0 - 4天、5 - 12天以及13 - 28/32天进行，取样间隔分别为每6小时、12小时和24小时。其余种蛋（2×1600枚）继续孵化直至小鸭出壳。所有在照蛋时被剔除的蛋以及未孵化出的蛋都进行了破壳分析。在孵化第1天就已检测到北京鸭胚胎发育比骡鸭更快。观察到两个明显的胚胎死亡高峰。然而，北京鸭的第一个死亡高峰出现在孵化第2 - 3天（哈氏胚胎发育阶段11 - 17期），而骡鸭的关键死亡高峰出现在孵化第4天（哈氏胚胎发育阶段16 - 17期）。北京鸭的第二个死亡高峰出现在孵化第22 - 26天（占总死亡数的17.7%），而骡鸭的第二个死亡高峰出现在孵化第24 - 30天（占总死亡数的57.3%），且在外部破壳期（孵化第29天）死亡率急剧上升。从孵化开始，骡鸭胚胎发育的后续阶段比北京鸭出现得更晚。此外，这两个鸭品种的胚胎死亡时间线模式不同。因此，需要针对每个品种制定个性化的孵化程序。
