Kwon Hunki, Chinappen Dhinakaran M, Wodeyar Anirudh, Kinard Elizabeth, Goodman Skyler, Shi Wen, Baxter Bryan S, Manoach Dara S, Kramer Mark A, Chu Catherine J
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
bioRxiv. 2025 May 13:2025.05.12.653459. doi: 10.1101/2025.05.12.653459.
Sleep-dependent memory consolidation is supported by sleep spindles during stages 2 and 3 non-rapid eye movement sleep. Sleep spindles and sleep-dependent memory consolidation are both decreased in Rolandic epilepsy (RE). Non-invasive auditory stimulation evokes SOs and SO-spindle complexes in healthy adults but the impact on memory consolidation has been inconsistent.
We investigated the effects of auditory stimulation during sleep on SOs, SO-spindle complexes, and sleep-dependent memory consolidation in children with RE and controls.
A prospective cross-over study was conducted in children with RE and control. Children completed two nap visits with auditory or sham stimulation. SOs and SO-spindle complexes rates were measured offline using validated detectors. Sleep-dependent memory consolidation was assessed using the motor sequence typing task.
Auditory stimulation evoked SOs and SO-spindle complexes broadly with maximal effect over frontal electrodes. Compared to sham, stimulation delivered during background activity evoked SOs (29.8% increase, p<0.001) and SO-spindle complexes (16.8% increase, p<0.001) and stimulations delivered near the peak of an ongoing SO upstate maximally evoked SOs (51.3% increase, p<0.001) and SO-spindle complexes (32.3% increase, p<0.001). Changes in frontal SO (1.9% improvement per increase in SO/min; p<0.001) and SO-spindle complexes (9.5% improvement per increase in SO-spindle/min) event rates due to auditory stimulation positively predicted changes in sleep-dependent memory consolidation.
Auditory stimulation reliably modulates sleep oscillations when delivered on background activity and during the upstate of SOs. As increased event rates improve memory consolidation, stimulation paradigms to increase SO and SO-spindle complex rates are required to enhance memory.
在非快速眼动睡眠的2期和3期，睡眠纺锤波支持睡眠依赖的记忆巩固。罗兰多癫痫（RE）患者的睡眠纺锤波和睡眠依赖的记忆巩固均有所下降。非侵入性听觉刺激可在健康成年人中诱发慢波（SOs）和SO-纺锤波复合体，但对记忆巩固的影响并不一致。
我们研究了睡眠期间听觉刺激对RE患儿和对照组儿童的SOs、SO-纺锤波复合体以及睡眠依赖的记忆巩固的影响。
对RE患儿和对照组儿童进行了一项前瞻性交叉研究。儿童完成了两次午睡，分别接受听觉刺激或假刺激。使用经过验证的探测器离线测量SOs和SO-纺锤波复合体的发生率。使用运动序列打字任务评估睡眠依赖的记忆巩固。
听觉刺激广泛诱发SOs和SO-纺锤波复合体，在额电极上效果最佳。与假刺激相比，在背景活动期间进行的刺激诱发了SOs（增加29.8%，p<0.001）和SO-纺锤波复合体（增加16.8%，p<0.001），而在正在进行的SO上升期峰值附近进行的刺激最大程度地诱发了SOs（增加51.3%，p<0.001）和SO-纺锤波复合体（增加32.3%，p<0.001）。由于听觉刺激导致的额部SO（每增加SO/分钟改善1.9%；p<0.001）和SO-纺锤波复合体（每增加SO-纺锤波/分钟改善9.5%）事件发生率的变化积极预测了睡眠依赖的记忆巩固的变化。
当在背景活动和SO上升期进行听觉刺激时，能可靠地调节睡眠振荡。由于事件发生率的增加可改善记忆巩固，因此需要增加SO和SO-纺锤波复合体发生率的刺激范式来增强记忆。
