Ma Shitang, Shi Shasha, Hu Xin, Zhao Ye, Yang Boran, Liao Maoliang, Lu Baowei, Xu Qilin
College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, China.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
Front Pharmacol. 2025 May 20;16:1606372. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1606372. eCollection 2025.
Photodynamic nanodrugs (PDNS) have demonstrated significant advantages in enhancing therapeutic outcomes while reducing systemic toxicity, achieved primarily through optimized photosensitizer solubility, targeted biodistribution, and site-specific accumulation. This review systematically examines recent progress and future directions of PDNS development, encompassing fundamental research to clinical translation. Specifically, it analyzes the composition, mechanisms of action, inherent advantages, clinical applications, as well as the challenges faced in this domain. The introduction of nanocarriers has circumvented the limitations of the core photosensitizers, substantially enhancing the efficacy and safety of PDNS via targeted delivery and synergistic therapy. Moreover, the integration of stimuli-responsive and multifunctional nanoplatforms has further improved the spatiotemporal control of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, thereby minimizing off-target effects. In addition, the combination of PDNS with immunotherapy has exhibited synergistic effects, underscoring the potential of this integrated approach. PDNS has made remarkable progress in cancer treatment through receptor-mediated endocytosis, self-assembly, and precise targeting. Beyond cancer treatment, PDNS holds considerable promise in treating a diverse array of non-oncological diseases, such as acne, psoriasis, dry eye disease, and cardiovascular disorders, et al. In this regard, PDNS has emerged as a pivotal component within the realm of personalized medicine. Despite these notable advancements, challenges persist in optimizing drug delivery and achieving efficient clinical translation. Looking ahead, future perspectives encompass the development of highly efficient photosensitizers and ensuring accurate nanocarrier delivery, which will undoubtedly facilitate the progress of PDNS in the clinical application field.
光动力纳米药物（PDNS）在提高治疗效果的同时降低全身毒性方面已显示出显著优势，这主要通过优化光敏剂的溶解度、靶向生物分布和位点特异性积累来实现。本综述系统地研究了PDNS开发的最新进展和未来方向，涵盖从基础研究到临床转化的各个方面。具体而言，它分析了PDNS的组成、作用机制、固有优势、临床应用以及该领域面临的挑战。纳米载体的引入克服了核心光敏剂的局限性，通过靶向递送和协同治疗大幅提高了PDNS的疗效和安全性。此外，刺激响应和多功能纳米平台的整合进一步改善了活性氧（ROS）生成的时空控制，从而将脱靶效应降至最低。此外，PDNS与免疫疗法的联合已显示出协同效应，突出了这种综合方法的潜力。PDNS通过受体介导的内吞作用、自组装和精确靶向在癌症治疗方面取得了显著进展。除癌症治疗外，PDNS在治疗多种非肿瘤性疾病方面也具有巨大潜力，如痤疮、银屑病、干眼症和心血管疾病等。在这方面，PDNS已成为个性化医疗领域的关键组成部分。尽管取得了这些显著进展，但在优化药物递送和实现高效临床转化方面仍存在挑战。展望未来，未来的发展方向包括开发高效光敏剂和确保纳米载体的准确递送，这无疑将推动PDNS在临床应用领域的进展。
