Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Curr Pharm Des. 2023;29(39):3103-3122. doi: 10.2174/0113816128265544231102065515.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an innovative, non-invasive method of treating cancer that uses light-activated photosensitizers to create reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, challenges associated with the limited penetration depth of light and the need for precise control over photosensitizer activation have hindered its clinical translation. Nanomedicine, particularly gold nanobiostructures, offers promising solutions to overcome these limitations. This paper reviews the advancements in PDT and nanomedicine, focusing on applying antibody-modified gold nanobiostructures as multifunctional platforms for enhanced PDT efficacy and improved cancer treatment outcomes. The size, shape, and composition of gold nanobiostructures can significantly influence their PDT efficacy, making synthetic procedures crucial. Functionalizing the surface of gold nanobiostructures with various molecules, such as antibodies or targeting agents, bonding agents, PDT agents, photothermal therapy (PTT) agents, chemo-agents, immunotherapy agents, and imaging agents, allows composition modification. Integrating gold nanobiostructures with PDT holds immense potential for targeted cancer therapy. Antibody-modified gold nanobiostructures, in particular, have gained significant attention due to their tunable plasmonic characteristics, biocompatibility, and surface functionalization capabilities. These multifunctional nanosystems possess unique properties that enhance the efficacy of PDT, including improved light absorption, targeted delivery, and enhanced ROS generation. Passive and active targeting of gold nanobiostructures can enhance their localization near cancer cells, leading to efficient eradication of tumor tissues upon light irradiation. Future research and clinical studies will continue to explore the potential of gold nanobiostructures in PDT for personalized and effective cancer therapy. The synthesis, functionalization, and characterization of gold nanobiostructures, their interaction with light, and their impact on photosensitizers' photophysical and photochemical properties, are important areas of investigation. Strategies to enhance targeting efficiency and the evaluation of gold nanobiostructures in vitro and in vivo studies will further advance their application in PDT. The integrating antibody-modified gold nanobiostructures in PDT represents a promising strategy for targeted cancer therapy. These multifunctional nanosystems possess unique properties that enhance PDT efficacy, including improved light absorption, targeted delivery, and enhanced ROS generation. Continued research and development in this field will contribute to the advancement of personalized and effective cancer treatment approaches.
光动力疗法（PDT）是一种创新的、非侵入性的癌症治疗方法，它利用光激活的光敏剂来产生活性氧物种（ROS）。然而，由于光的穿透深度有限以及对光敏剂激活的精确控制的需求，限制了其在临床上的转化。纳米医学，特别是金纳米生物结构，为克服这些限制提供了有希望的解决方案。本文综述了 PDT 和纳米医学的进展，重点介绍了应用抗体修饰的金纳米生物结构作为增强 PDT 疗效和改善癌症治疗效果的多功能平台。金纳米生物结构的大小、形状和组成可以显著影响其 PDT 疗效，因此合成过程至关重要。通过用各种分子（如抗体或靶向剂、结合剂、PDT 剂、光热疗法（PTT）剂、化疗剂、免疫疗法剂和成像剂）对金纳米生物结构的表面进行功能化，可以进行组成修饰。将金纳米生物结构与 PDT 结合起来，为靶向癌症治疗提供了巨大的潜力。特别是抗体修饰的金纳米生物结构，由于其可调谐的等离子体特性、生物相容性和表面功能化能力，引起了广泛关注。这些多功能纳米系统具有增强 PDT 疗效的独特特性，包括提高光吸收、靶向递送和增强 ROS 生成。金纳米生物结构的被动和主动靶向可以增强其在癌细胞附近的定位，从而在光照射下有效清除肿瘤组织。未来的研究和临床研究将继续探索金纳米生物结构在 PDT 中的潜力，以实现个性化和有效的癌症治疗。金纳米生物结构的合成、功能化和表征，它们与光的相互作用，以及它们对光敏剂的光物理和光化学性质的影响，都是重要的研究领域。为了提高靶向效率，需要制定策略，并在体外和体内研究中评估金纳米生物结构，这将进一步推动它们在 PDT 中的应用。将抗体修饰的金纳米生物结构整合到 PDT 中代表了一种有前途的靶向癌症治疗策略。这些多功能纳米系统具有独特的特性，可以增强 PDT 疗效，包括提高光吸收、靶向递送和增强 ROS 生成。该领域的持续研究和开发将有助于推进个性化和有效的癌症治疗方法。
