Budianta Wawan, Ahmad Johan Syafri Mahathir, Prastistho Widyawanto, Hendrayana Heru, Hideki Ohta, Hinode Hirofumi
Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Environ Monit Assess. 2025 Jun 4;197(7):728. doi: 10.1007/s10661-025-14131-1.
Heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn) in river sediments from the Winongo, Code, and Gajahwong rivers in Yogyakarta City were investigated. Fifteen samples were collected from each river, systematically from upstream to downstream. Background sediment samples were collected from the furthest upstream point to reflect natural sediment conditions. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was performed to measure the Fe, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn concentrations in the samples. We created distribution graphs to analyze the spatial patterns from upstream to downstream of these metals. Sequential extraction analysis was performed to investigate heavy metals mobility. Several indices were calculated to evaluate heavy metals assessment in the study area, including the enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (I), risk assessment code (RAC), and pollution load index (PLI). A statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to compare the metal content among the three rivers. Our results revealed that Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn levels in the sediment samples were generally higher than background values, indicating enrichment in the study area. The distribution patterns revealed an increase in metal content in the middle section of the study area, a densely populated residential and traffic zone with significant human activity, followed by a decrease downstream. The mobility of heavy metals showed that the mobile fraction was dominant in the river stream sediment in the study area, indicating an anthropogenic origin of heavy metals. The RAC calculation shows that the mean RAC value of Pb has a high risk, followed by Cu, Cd, and Zn with medium risk and low risk, respectively. The analysis of the PLI indicated that the primary contributors to sediment contamination in the river sediments in the study area were Pb and Cd, reflected for PLI values exceeding than 1. The EF calculations indicated moderate enrichment for Pb and low enrichment for the other metals, attributing these findings to human activities. The I values suggested moderate pollution for Pb and no pollution for the other metals, particularly Zn. The statistical ANOVA revealed no significant differences in the metal content among the three rivers which most likely resulted from the similar heavy metal origin in the study area.
对印度尼西亚日惹市维诺戈河、科德河和加贾翁河中河流沉积物中的重金属（铅、铜、镉和锌）进行了调查。从每条河流中系统地采集了15个样本，从上游到下游。从最上游点采集背景沉积物样本，以反映自然沉积物状况。采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）测量样本中的铁、铅、铜、镉和锌浓度。我们绘制了分布图，以分析这些金属从上游到下游的空间分布模式。进行了连续萃取分析，以研究重金属的迁移性。计算了几个指数，以评估研究区域内的重金属状况，包括富集因子（EF）、地累积指数（I）、风险评估代码（RAC）和污染负荷指数（PLI）。进行了方差统计分析（ANOVA），以比较三条河流中的金属含量。我们的结果表明，沉积物样本中的铅、铜、镉和锌含量普遍高于背景值，表明研究区域内存在富集现象。分布模式显示，研究区域中部的金属含量增加，该区域是人口密集的住宅和交通区域，人类活动频繁，随后下游含量下降。重金属的迁移性表明，在研究区域的河流沉积物中，可移动部分占主导地位，表明重金属来源于人为活动。RAC计算表明，铅的平均RAC值具有高风险，其次是铜、镉和锌，分别具有中等风险和低风险。PLI分析表明，研究区域河流沉积物中沉积物污染的主要贡献者是铅和镉，PLI值超过1反映了这一点。EF计算表明，铅为中度富集，其他金属为低度富集，这些发现归因于人类活动。I值表明铅为中度污染，其他金属，特别是锌无污染。方差统计分析（ANOVA）表明，三条河流中的金属含量没有显著差异，这很可能是由于研究区域内重金属来源相似所致。
