Yin Hao-Fei, Pu Jia-Jia, Shi Hong-Lei, Zhao Xing-Xing, Qiu Jian-Wen, Yu Xiao-Ping, Ip Jack Chi-Ho, Yang Qian-Qian
Key Laboratory of Microbiological Metrology, Measurement & Bio-product Quality Security, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
Key Laboratory of Microbiological Metrology, Measurement & Bio-product Quality Security, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, Hangzhou, 310007, China.
Environ Pollut. 2025 Sep 15;381:126601. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126601. Epub 2025 Jun 3.
Cadmium, a common heavy metal found in batteries, coatings, and fertilizers, enters the environment through industrial waste and agricultural runoff, posing significant risks to aquatic life. However, its toxic mechanisms in aquatic invertebrates remain largely unknown. This study investigated the toxicity of cadmium chloride (CdCl) in the invasive freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata. Toxicity tests showed that adult P. canaliculata exhibited high tolerance to Cd, with a 96-h LC of 1.703 mg/L and an EC of 0.584 mg/L. Enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities were observed in the kidney. Further examination of kidney tissues revealed a time-dependent increase in Cd bioaccumulation, reaching 61.00 ± 9.10 mg/kg and 119.62 ± 19.45 mg/kg at Days 7 and 21, respectively, under an EC of 0.145 mg/L CdCl. After a 7-day depuration (Day 28), the Cd tissue burden decreased to 64.41 ± 23.13 mg/kg. We also found that the disruption of snails' behavior, cell structure, immunity, and apoptosis was potentially associated with Cd bioaccumulation and its toxicity. Comparative transcriptomics revealed that Cd exposure induced 3251, 2840, and 1574 differentially expressed genes at Days 7, 21, and 28, respectively. Enrichment analysis revealed impairment of multiple cellular functions at different phases: (1) Short-term treatment affected xenobiotic metabolism and protein degradation, leading to rapid Cd accumulation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage; (2) Long-term exposure disrupted various metabolic pathways, resulting in elevated stress levels; and (3) After depuration, reactivation of amino acid biosynthesis and ribosome function indicated a recovery phase, although the snails had not yet returned to a healthy state. Our findings enhance the understanding of the toxic mechanisms of Cd in gastropods and contribute to the development of P. canaliculata as a valuable organism for pollution and ecotoxicological studies in freshwater ecosystems.
镉是一种常见的重金属，存在于电池、涂料和肥料中，通过工业废料和农业径流进入环境，对水生生物构成重大风险。然而，其在水生无脊椎动物中的毒性机制仍 largely 未知。本研究调查了氯化镉（CdCl）对入侵淡水螺福寿螺的毒性。毒性试验表明，成年福寿螺对镉具有较高耐受性，96 小时半数致死浓度（LC）为 1.703 毫克/升，半数效应浓度（EC）为 0.584 毫克/升。在肾脏中观察到抗氧化酶活性增强。对肾脏组织的进一步检查显示，在 0.145 毫克/升 CdCl 的 EC 下，镉的生物累积量随时间增加，在第 7 天和第 21 天分别达到 61.00±9.10 毫克/千克和 119.62±19.45 毫克/千克。经过 7 天的净化（第 28 天），镉的组织负荷降至 64.41±23.13 毫克/千克。我们还发现，福寿螺的行为、细胞结构、免疫和凋亡的破坏可能与镉的生物累积及其毒性有关。比较转录组学显示，镉暴露在第 7 天、第 21 天和第 28 天分别诱导了 3251、2840 和 1574 个差异表达基因。富集分析揭示了不同阶段多种细胞功能的损伤：（1）短期处理影响外源性物质代谢和蛋白质降解，导致镉快速累积、氧化应激和 DNA 损伤；（2）长期暴露扰乱各种代谢途径，导致应激水平升高；（3）净化后，氨基酸生物合成和核糖体功能的重新激活表明处于恢复阶段，尽管福寿螺尚未恢复到健康状态。我们的研究结果增进了对镉在腹足纲动物中毒性机制的理解，并有助于将福寿螺发展成为淡水生态系统污染和生态毒理学研究的有价值生物。
