Barik Gautam, Fletcher Gnanadurai John, Alex Diviya, Demosthenes John Paul, Abraham Priya, Kannangai Rajesh
Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India.
Indian J Med Microbiol. 2025 Jul-Aug;56:100885. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100885. Epub 2025 Jun 3.
The path of HIV vaccine development is riddled with numerous challenges. The high mutation and recombination rate of the virus, the establishment of a viral reservoir early in infection, and the failure to mount an effective immune response have added to the complexities of vaccine development.
In this review, we tried to revisit the vaccine development efforts, categorize the immunogens based on the immune response they tried to elicit and discuss the limited success or failure they achieved so far.
The initial efforts of vaccine development concentrated on a three-pronged approach, induction of neutralizing antibodies, induction of cell-mediated immunity, or a combination of the two. Since then, the efforts to develop an effective immunogen have come a long way through the usage of poxviral vectors, conserved immunogens, and mosaic immunogens to the current trend of using mRNA-based vaccines, engineered outer domains on scaffold proteins and the development of germline targeting immunogens for induction of broadly neutralizing antibody-producing B-cell lineage. We also tried to narrate the current trends and the future directions of HIV vaccine development.
HIV疫苗的研发之路充满了诸多挑战。病毒的高突变和重组率、感染早期病毒库的建立以及未能产生有效的免疫反应，都增加了疫苗研发的复杂性。
在本综述中，我们试图重新审视疫苗研发工作，根据免疫原试图引发的免疫反应对其进行分类，并讨论它们目前取得的有限成功或失败。
疫苗研发的最初努力集中在三管齐下的方法上，即诱导中和抗体、诱导细胞介导的免疫或两者结合。从那时起，通过使用痘病毒载体、保守免疫原、嵌合免疫原，到目前使用基于mRNA的疫苗、支架蛋白上的工程化外部结构域以及开发用于诱导产生广泛中和抗体的B细胞谱系的种系靶向免疫原，开发有效免疫原的努力已经取得了长足的进展。我们还试图阐述HIV疫苗研发的当前趋势和未来方向。
