Kshirsagar Neha, Patil Ashwani, Suryawanshi Meghraj
Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
DYP DPU School of Pharmacy and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, 411018, India.
Inflammopharmacology. 2025 Jun 5. doi: 10.1007/s10787-025-01801-2.
Alzheimer's disease is regarded as a type of dementia that has significantly affected a large population, thus posing a global health concern. The amyloid beta hypothesis and tau pathology define the disease pathology. The hallmarks of this disease are defined by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques, thus supporting the theories presented above. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation can also serve as therapeutic targets for treatment. Current conventional treatments have focused on managing the symptoms rather than modifying the disease. One of the major challenges this delivery systems face is their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier; hence, the development of nanoparticle delivery systems incorporates the required active component and utilizes different mechanisms such as transcytosis, cell-mediated transport, or advanced techniques to surpass the blood-brain barrier. Bioactive components possess multiple advantages such as being anti-inflammatory and antioxidant in nature. They also target the main pathology involved in the aggregation of amyloid fibres and hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins. Various bioactive nanoparticles have been demonstrated in disease models to operate on certain targets and facilitate blood-brain barrier crossing. The article also covers the salient features of some of the nanoparticle systems under investigation separating them based on the norms of those aimed at addressing various disease pathologies. Despite being able to address the main issues with traditional drug delivery, they nevertheless have some disadvantages, such as toxicity, bioavailability, and regulatory barriers. However, the prospects for bioactive nanoparticles appear bright.
阿尔茨海默病被视为一种已对大量人群产生显著影响的痴呆症，因此成为全球关注的健康问题。淀粉样蛋白β假说和tau病理学定义了该疾病的病理学特征。这种疾病的标志是神经原纤维缠结和老年斑的存在，从而支持了上述理论。氧化应激和神经炎症也可作为治疗靶点。目前的传统治疗主要集中在控制症状而非改变疾病进程。这些给药系统面临的主要挑战之一是它们无法穿过血脑屏障；因此，纳米颗粒给药系统的开发包含了所需的活性成分，并利用不同机制，如转胞吞作用、细胞介导的转运或先进技术来跨越血脑屏障。生物活性成分具有多种优势，比如本质上具有抗炎和抗氧化作用。它们还针对淀粉样纤维聚集和tau蛋白过度磷酸化所涉及的主要病理学特征。在疾病模型中已证明各种生物活性纳米颗粒作用于特定靶点并促进血脑屏障的跨越。本文还介绍了一些正在研究的纳米颗粒系统的显著特征，并根据旨在解决各种疾病病理学问题的标准对它们进行了分类。尽管能够解决传统药物递送的主要问题，但它们仍然存在一些缺点，如毒性、生物利用度和监管障碍。然而，生物活性纳米颗粒的前景似乎很光明。
