Yağcı Adem
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokat Gaziosmapaşa University, Tokat, Türkiye.
BMC Plant Biol. 2025 Jun 5;25(1):763. doi: 10.1186/s12870-025-06803-4.
Salt stress represents a critical challenge in viticulture, significantly impacting grape berry biochemical profiles and potentially threatening crop productivity and quality. In this study, therefore, we systematically investigated the metabolic responses of grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Öküzgözü') to salinity stress by applying NaCl at four different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) and shikonin at two levels (0 and 25 µM). Our study analyzed changes in organic acids, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and sugar contents, employing a standardized foliar spray technique to explore the individual and interactive effects of salt stress and shikonin on grape berry biochemical composition.
Salinity stress induced by NaCl markedly suppressed sugar metabolism in the studied plants, with glucose and fructose contents decreasing by approximately 85% and 82%, respectively, under high salinity conditions (e.g., 150 mM NaCl). This drastic reduction indicates a significant disruption in carbohydrate homeostasis due to ionic and osmotic stress. In contrast, the application of shikonin partially alleviated the deleterious effects of salt stress, particularly by enhancing anthocyanin biosynthesis. Under severe salinity, total anthocyanin accumulation increased by up to 60% with shikonin treatment, suggesting its potential role as a modulator of secondary metabolism and antioxidant defense. Phenolic compound levels exhibited highly variable responses depending on the interaction between NaCl and shikonin, with individual compounds showing changes ranging from a 20% decrease to a 75% increase compared to control conditions. These findings reflect a compound-specific regulation, likely driven by differential activation of phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes under stress and elicitor influence. Furthermore, anthocyanin profiling revealed profound shifts in composition; notably, malvidin-3-O-glucoside levels were elevated by more than 200% under combined high-salinity and shikonin treatment, indicating a strong synergistic effect on flavonoid pathway activation.
Consequently, the current study provides crucial insights into potential mitigation strategies for salt stress in viticulture, demonstrating that targeted interventions like shikonin treatments can help preserve grape berry metabolic integrity under challenging environmental conditions, potentially offering valuable strategies for sustainable grape production in saline-prone agricultural landscapes.
盐胁迫是葡萄栽培中的一项关键挑战，对葡萄浆果的生化特征有重大影响，并可能威胁作物的生产力和品质。因此，在本研究中，我们通过施加四种不同浓度（0、50、100和150 mM）的氯化钠以及两个水平（0和25 μM）的紫草素，系统地研究了葡萄浆果（欧亚种葡萄‘奥库兹戈兹’）对盐胁迫的代谢响应。我们的研究分析了有机酸、酚类化合物、花青素和糖分含量的变化，采用标准化的叶面喷施技术来探究盐胁迫和紫草素对葡萄浆果生化组成的单独及交互作用。
氯化钠诱导的盐胁迫显著抑制了所研究植株中的糖代谢，在高盐条件下（如150 mM氯化钠），葡萄糖和果糖含量分别下降了约85%和82%。这种急剧下降表明由于离子和渗透胁迫，碳水化合物稳态受到了严重破坏。相比之下，紫草素的施用部分缓解了盐胁迫的有害影响，特别是通过增强花青素的生物合成。在严重盐胁迫下，紫草素处理使总花青素积累量增加了高达60%。这表明其作为次生代谢和抗氧化防御调节剂的潜在作用。酚类化合物水平根据氯化钠和紫草素之间的相互作用表现出高度可变的响应，与对照条件相比，个别化合物的变化范围从下降20%到增加75%。这些发现反映了一种化合物特异性调控，可能是由胁迫和诱导剂影响下苯丙烷途径酶的差异激活驱动的。此外，花青素谱分析显示组成发生了深刻变化；值得注意的是，在高盐和紫草素联合处理下，矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷水平升高了200%以上，表明对类黄酮途径激活有很强的协同作用。
因此，本研究为葡萄栽培中盐胁迫的潜在缓解策略提供了关键见解，表明像紫草素处理这样的针对性干预措施可以帮助在具有挑战性的环境条件下保持葡萄浆果代谢完整性，可能为盐渍化农业景观中的可持续葡萄生产提供有价值的策略。
