Ferrandino Alessandra, Pagliarani Chiara, Pérez-Álvarez Eva Pilar
Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy.
National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Torino, Italy.
Front Plant Sci. 2023 Jun 19;14:1124298. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1124298. eCollection 2023.
Abiotic stresses, such as temperature, heat waves, water limitation, solar radiation and the increase in atmospheric CO concentration, significantly influence the accumulation of secondary metabolites in grapevine berries at different developmental stages, and in vegetative organs. Transcriptional reprogramming, miRNAs, epigenetic marks and hormonal crosstalk regulate the secondary metabolism of berries, mainly the accumulation of phenylpropanoids and of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Currently, the biological mechanisms that control the plastic response of grapevine cultivars to environmental stress or that occur during berry ripening have been extensively studied in many worlds viticultural areas, in different cultivars and in vines grown under various agronomic managements. A novel frontier in the study of these mechanisms is the involvement of miRNAs whose target transcripts encode enzymes of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Some miRNA-mediated regulatory cascades, post-transcriptionally control key MYB transcription factors, showing, for example, a role in influencing the anthocyanin accumulation in response to UV-B light during berry ripening. DNA methylation profiles partially affect the berry transcriptome plasticity of different grapevine cultivars, contributing to the modulation of berry qualitative traits. Numerous hormones (such as abscisic and jasmomic acids, strigolactones, gibberellins, auxins, cytokynins and ethylene) are involved in triggering the vine response to abiotic and biotic stress factors. Through specific signaling cascades, hormones mediate the accumulation of antioxidants that contribute to the quality of the berry and that intervene in the grapevine defense processes, highlighting that the grapevine response to stressors can be similar in different grapevine organs. The expression of genes responsible for hormone biosynthesis is largely modulated by stress conditions, thus resulting in the numeourous interactions between grapevine and the surrounding environment.
非生物胁迫，如温度、热浪、水分限制、太阳辐射以及大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加，会显著影响葡萄浆果在不同发育阶段以及营养器官中次生代谢产物的积累。转录重编程、微小RNA（miRNA）、表观遗传标记和激素信号转导相互作用调节着浆果的次生代谢，主要是苯丙烷类化合物和挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的积累。目前，在许多世界葡萄种植区、不同品种以及各种农艺管理条件下种植的葡萄藤中，已经广泛研究了控制葡萄品种对环境胁迫的可塑性反应或在浆果成熟过程中发生的生物学机制。这些机制研究的一个新前沿是miRNA的参与，其靶转录本编码类黄酮生物合成途径的酶。一些miRNA介导的调控级联反应在转录后控制关键的MYB转录因子，例如，在浆果成熟期间对UV-B光的响应中，显示出对花青素积累的影响作用。DNA甲基化图谱部分影响不同葡萄品种浆果转录组的可塑性，有助于调节浆果的品质性状。许多激素（如脱落酸、茉莉酸、独脚金内酯、赤霉素、生长素、细胞分裂素和乙烯）参与触发葡萄藤对非生物和生物胁迫因子的反应。通过特定的信号级联反应，激素介导抗氧化剂的积累，这些抗氧化剂有助于浆果的品质，并参与葡萄藤的防御过程，突出表明葡萄藤对胁迫源的反应在不同的葡萄器官中可能相似。负责激素生物合成的基因表达在很大程度上受胁迫条件的调节，从而导致葡萄藤与周围环境之间的众多相互作用。
