Vari Francesco, Serra Ilaria, Friuli Marzia, Cavallo Viviana, Gammaldi Nicola, Vergara Daniele, Salzet Michel, Giudetti Anna M
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
Front Pharmacol. 2025 May 22;16:1567543. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1567543. eCollection 2025.
The intestine plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption, digestion, and regulation of metabolic processes. Intestinal structure and functions are influenced by several factors, with dietary composition being one of the most significant. Diets rich in various types of fats, including saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats, have distinct effects on intestinal cell metabolism and overall intestinal health. High consumption of saturated fats, frequently found in animal products, has been associated with inflammation, altered gut microbiota composition, and impaired intestinal barrier function, with potential consequences such as metabolic disorders, obesity, and insulin resistance. In contrast, monounsaturated fats, found in foods such as olive oil and avocado, promote intestinal cell integrity, reducing inflammation and supporting a healthier microbiome. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially omega-3 fatty acids, have shown anti-inflammatory effects and may improve the function and adaptability of intestinal cells, promoting better nutrient absorption and immune regulation. Recent evidence suggests that endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds, such as oleoylethanolamide have a protective effect on the function and structure of the intestine. These endocannabinoid pathways modulating compounds can act on receptors in the intestinal epithelium, improving the intestinal barrier and counteracting inflammation, facilitating a more favorable environment for intestinal health. Understanding how different fats influence intestinal metabolism and the protective role of endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds is essential to developing dietary strategies to improve intestinal health and prevent diet-related diseases. This review explores the impact of high fats on intestinal metabolism and the main role of endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds on these effects.
肠道在营养吸收、消化以及代谢过程的调节中发挥着关键作用。肠道的结构和功能受到多种因素的影响，其中饮食组成是最重要的因素之一。富含各种类型脂肪（包括饱和脂肪、单不饱和脂肪和多不饱和脂肪）的饮食对肠道细胞代谢和整体肠道健康有不同的影响。动物产品中常见的高饱和脂肪摄入与炎症、肠道微生物群组成改变以及肠道屏障功能受损有关，可能导致代谢紊乱、肥胖和胰岛素抵抗等后果。相比之下，橄榄油和牛油果等食物中含有的单不饱和脂肪可促进肠道细胞完整性，减轻炎症并支持更健康的微生物群。多不饱和脂肪酸，尤其是ω-3脂肪酸，已显示出抗炎作用，并可能改善肠道细胞的功能和适应性，促进更好的营养吸收和免疫调节。最近的证据表明，内源性大麻素和内源性大麻素样化合物，如油酰乙醇胺，对肠道的功能和结构具有保护作用。这些调节内源性大麻素途径的化合物可作用于肠道上皮中的受体，改善肠道屏障并对抗炎症，为肠道健康营造更有利的环境。了解不同脂肪如何影响肠道代谢以及内源性大麻素和内源性大麻素样化合物的保护作用，对于制定改善肠道健康和预防饮食相关疾病的饮食策略至关重要。本综述探讨了高脂肪对肠道代谢的影响以及内源性大麻素和内源性大麻素样化合物在这些影响中的主要作用。
