Sun Yuanyang, Wang Yun, Mu Shukun, Wu Xiaofeng, Yu Suchun, Wang Zhongming
School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
Department of Radiation Oncology, Shidong Hospital, Yangpu District, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
Front Oncol. 2025 May 22;15:1523675. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1523675. eCollection 2025.
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an extremely aggressive brain tumor. Its standard treatment currently involves surgery followed by radiotherapy and temozolomide. However, recurrence is frequently unavoidable, and the effect of various treatments is not ideal due to numerous inherent obstacles. Immunotherapy has demonstrated promising prospects in the management of various cancers. Despite several preclinical studies have shown that immunotherapy may improve the survival in GBM mouse model, the results from completed clinical trials reveal that it brings only limited benefit for GBM patients to date. Interestingly, several studies have demonstrated that radiotherapy not only eliminates tumor cells by inducing DNA damages but also improves the effect of immunotherapy by modulating immune response. Combining immunotherapy with radiotherapy for GBM has been evaluated extensively. Herein, we present the immunotherapy applied in GBM and highlight the importance of tumor microenvironment in immunotherapy for GBM. Moreover, we review the preclinical and clinical data for applying immunotherapy combined with radiotherapy for GBM. Finally, we also discuss the challenges facing combined treatment of immunotherapy and radiotherapy for GBM and further research aspects in the discussion section.
胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）是一种极具侵袭性的脑肿瘤。其目前的标准治疗包括手术，随后进行放疗和替莫唑胺治疗。然而，复发往往不可避免，并且由于众多内在障碍，各种治疗的效果并不理想。免疫疗法在各种癌症的治疗中已展现出有前景的效果。尽管多项临床前研究表明免疫疗法可能会改善GBM小鼠模型的生存率，但已完成的临床试验结果显示，迄今为止它给GBM患者带来的益处有限。有趣的是，多项研究表明，放疗不仅通过诱导DNA损伤来消除肿瘤细胞，还通过调节免疫反应来提高免疫疗法的效果。将免疫疗法与GBM的放疗相结合已得到广泛评估。在此，我们介绍了应用于GBM的免疫疗法，并强调了肿瘤微环境在GBM免疫疗法中的重要性。此外，我们回顾了将免疫疗法与GBM放疗联合应用的临床前和临床数据。最后，我们还在讨论部分探讨了GBM免疫疗法与放疗联合治疗面临的挑战以及进一步的研究方向。
