Bajgiran Negin Karimzadeh, Ahmadi Yavar, Majidi Sima
Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran.
Department of Chemistry Education, Farhangian University, P.O. Box 14665-889, Tehran, Iran.
Int J Pharm. 2025 Aug 20;681:125817. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125817. Epub 2025 Jun 6.
This review evaluates smart nanoparticle systems in diabetes management as drug delivery systems that have changed the way treatments for diabetes have been delivered. Diabetes, which includes both type 1 and type 2 forms, represents a significant challenge to human health worldwide. Traditional methods of treating diabetes include manual insulin injections, which, however, suffer from substantial drawbacks: noncompliance and inaccuracies in doses. Smart nanoparticles that can be engineered to physiologically respond to specific stimuli related to diabetes will be a means for achieving better targeted and controlled release delivery of therapeutic agents. This review gives a broad overview of the classes of nanoparticles being developed: polymeric, inorganic, lipid-based, and hybrid systems used in glucose-responsive insulin delivery and oral insulin formulations. Other innovative applications include introducing nanoparticles as components in theranostic systems, whereby a single treatment and diabetes monitoring can be accomplished through a fusion of therapeutic and diagnostic functions. Other current issues tackled by the review include stability and the large-scale production of such systems while fighting immunity problems. This review is meant to provide an outlook for further improvement through incorporating AI into drug delivery that will offer patient-specific dosing regimens or wearable devices combined with drug nanoparticles, as well as the development of eco-friendly biodegradable nanoparticles. Such developments are a great leap toward more effective and patient-centered diabetes care.
本综述评估了智能纳米颗粒系统在糖尿病管理中作为药物递送系统的作用，这类系统改变了糖尿病治疗药物的递送方式。糖尿病包括1型和2型，对全球人类健康构成重大挑战。传统的糖尿病治疗方法包括手动注射胰岛素，然而，这种方法存在诸多弊端：患者依从性差以及剂量不准确。可设计为对与糖尿病相关的特定刺激产生生理反应的智能纳米颗粒，将成为实现治疗药物更精准靶向和控释递送的一种手段。本综述广泛概述了正在研发的纳米颗粒类别：用于葡萄糖响应性胰岛素递送和口服胰岛素制剂的聚合物、无机、脂质基和混合系统。其他创新应用包括将纳米颗粒作为治疗诊断系统的组件引入，通过融合治疗和诊断功能实现单一治疗和糖尿病监测。该综述还探讨了其他当前问题，包括此类系统的稳定性、大规模生产以及应对免疫问题。本综述旨在通过将人工智能纳入药物递送提供进一步改进的展望，这将提供针对患者的给药方案或与药物纳米颗粒结合的可穿戴设备，以及开发环保型可生物降解纳米颗粒。这些进展朝着更有效且以患者为中心的糖尿病护理迈出了巨大的一步。
