Baykal Ayberk, Aksan Onur Alp, Oral Ahmet Yavuz, Bilge Kaan, Kizildag Nuray
Institute of Nanotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey.
ACS Omega. 2025 May 19;10(21):21391-21404. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.5c00030. eCollection 2025 Jun 3.
This study investigates the level of multifunctionality that might be achieved with the implementation of silver nitrate (AgNO) to UV-curable resins during stereolithography. To achieve that it sets improved mechanical response and antibacterial activity of the additively manufactured nanocomposites as two objectives to be achieved without disturbing the printing quality. The resins containing 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 wt % AgNO were mixed via high shear mixing under 6000 rpm. A desktop-scale SLA machine and a postcure UV device were employed for the manufacturing of nanocomposite specimens. The level of printing quality was evaluated by SEM analysis focusing on the layer-by-layer printing marks that were highly disturbed after 1 wt % particle loading. Potential chemical effects causing this disappearance were investigated with UV-visible spectroscopy and FTIR analysis. Results suggested that some of the provided UV energy was used for the conversion of silver cations of silver nitrate to AgNPs during the polymerization reaction. Such a reduction reaction was found to decrease the degree of monomer conversion with increasing particle amount, which was confirmed by the FTIR analyses. Results of mechanical tests assisted by a detailed fractographic analysis also confirmed that 1 wt % was a particle agglomeration threshold above which the mechanical response was highly deteriorated. The maximum mechanical performance with a 20% improvement in elastic modulus and yield strength values was noted for 0.5 wt % case. The antibacterial activity tests were then performed on 0.3, 0.5, and 1 wt % samples according to ISO 22196. The results suggested that antibacterial activity was maximum for 1 wt % particle containing nanocomposites. Hence, the aim of a stronger, antibacterial yet adaptable nanocomposite material design was achieved at 0.5 wt % silver nitrate loading.
本研究调查了在立体光刻过程中，将硝酸银（AgNO）添加到紫外光固化树脂中可能实现的多功能性水平。为此，它设定了提高增材制造纳米复合材料的机械响应和抗菌活性这两个目标，且不影响打印质量。将含有0.1、0.3、0.5、1、3和5 wt% AgNO的树脂在6000 rpm下通过高剪切混合进行混合。使用桌面级SLA机器和后固化紫外设备制造纳米复合材料试样。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析评估打印质量水平，重点关注在1 wt%颗粒负载后受到严重干扰的逐层打印痕迹。利用紫外可见光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）分析研究了导致这种消失的潜在化学效应。结果表明，在聚合反应过程中，部分提供的紫外能量用于将硝酸银的银阳离子转化为AgNP。发现这种还原反应随着颗粒量的增加而降低单体转化率，这一点通过FTIR分析得到了证实。详细的断口分析辅助的力学测试结果也证实，1 wt%是颗粒团聚阈值，超过该阈值，机械响应会严重恶化。对于0.5 wt%的情况，弹性模量和屈服强度值提高了20%，达到最大机械性能。然后根据ISO 22196对0.3、0.5和1 wt%的样品进行抗菌活性测试。结果表明，含1 wt%颗粒的纳米复合材料的抗菌活性最高。因此，在硝酸银负载量为0.5 wt%时，实现了设计更强、具有抗菌性且适应性强的纳米复合材料的目标。
