Epidemiological Evidence on the Associations of Metal Exposure with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias Among Elderly Women.

Emerging evidence suggests a potential link between heavy metals and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD). This study compiled epidemiological evidence from research published over the past 11 years on the impact of metals on AD/ADRD in women. Women have unique risk factors for late onset of AD/ADRD, in addition to genetic factors, apolipoprotein E allele (APOE4), and longer life expectancy. Furthermore, women are twice likely as men to experience depression, which increases their risk of developing AD/ADRD. Our narrative review underscored the necessity of a sex-specific approach to address women's vulnerability to AD/ADRD. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, NIOSH Toxline, and Scopus, were thoroughly searched to identify primary epidemiological studies on older women exposed to metals and published between 2014 to 2024. We identified 34 epidemiological studies that met the inclusion criteria. The findings revealed a complex interplay between environmental metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) and the risk of AD/ADRD in women. Significant adverse effects were reported for Cu, Cd, As, Pb, and Mn while significant protective effects were found between Se, Fe, and Zn in blood and AD/ADRD among older women. However, some studies also reported no correlations. Overall, our review identified contrasting results regarding the effects of metals on AD/ADRD in women. Future studies should collect additional evidence to understanding the effects of heavy metals on AD/ADRD in women for developing preventive measures.