The Impact of Selected and Gene Polymorphisms on Bone Mineral Density and the Risk of Metabolic Diseases in Postmenopausal Women.

Genetic variations in the and genes have been linked to bone mineral density (BMD) and metabolic disorders. This study analyzed the associations of (rs1107946, rs1800012) and (rs42524) polymorphisms with BMD, obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in 554 postmenopausal women. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessed BMD, and genotyping was performed alongside an evaluation of metabolic and lifestyle factors. The rs1107946 AA genotype was associated with higher femoral neck BMD ( < 0.05), an over 10-fold increased obesity prevalence ( = 0.038), and a 3.5-fold higher T2D risk ( = 0.011)-a novel finding. The rs1800012 polymorphism showed age-dependent BMD effects: A allele carriers had lower femoral neck BMD in the 60-69 age group but higher total hip BMD in the 70-79 age group. Additionally, rs42524 GG homozygotes had a significantly higher incidence of maternal fractures ( < 0.05). These results highlight rs1107946 as a potential marker for both skeletal and metabolic risk, demonstrate the age-specific effects of rs1800012 on BMD, and identify rs42524 as a possible genetic indicator of familial fracture risk. These insights may inform personalized approaches to osteoporosis and metabolic disease prevention.