Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Adaptation: A Comprehensive Review.

, a filamentous cyanobacterium inhabiting desert biological soil crusts (BSCs), has developed exceptional strategies to endure extreme environmental stresses, including severe desiccation, intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and drastic temperature fluctuations. These organisms must effectively sense and predict environmental changes, particularly the onset of desiccation. This review explores recent advancements in the molecular mechanisms that enable to survive under such harsh conditions, with a focus on stress signal sensing, transduction pathways, and photosynthetic adjustments. Key molecular adaptations include the production of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) sheaths for water retention, the accumulation of compatible solutes like trehalose, and the synthesis of UV-absorbing compounds such as scytonemin and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Furthermore, utilizes a complex signal transduction network, including light-sensing pathways, to regulate responses to rehydration and desiccation cycles. This review emphasizes the integrative nature of 's adaptive mechanisms and highlights their potential for biotechnological applications, such as enhancing drought tolerance in crops and advancing ecological restoration in arid regions.