Mohammadpour Mozhdeh, Saeidi Kholoud, Ferdosi Felora, Khanifar Hadi, Dadgostar Ehsan, Zakizadeh Faranak, Abdolghaderi Siavash, Khatami Seyyed Hossein
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran.
Clin Chim Acta. 2025 Aug 15;576:120427. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2025.120427. Epub 2025 Jun 14.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia among elderly individuals and is characterized by progressive cognitive decline, memory impairment, and the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Despite extensive research, current therapeutic approaches remain limited to symptomatic relief and are unable to halt disease progression. This challenge highlights the urgent need for reliable biomarkers that enable early diagnosis and facilitate the development of targeted interventions. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have recently emerged as promising biomarkers because of their regulatory roles in gene expression and cellular function. Among them, microRNAs (miRNAs) have revolutionized our understanding of neurodegenerative processes, with evidence linking their dysregulation to AD pathology. Additionally, circular RNAs (circRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) have been implicated in neuronal survival, synaptic maintenance, and amyloid precursor protein processing, further expanding the biomarker landscape. This review examines the expression patterns, functional significance, and diagnostic potential of ncRNAs in AD, alongside methodological approaches for their detection. By bridging molecular insights with translational applications, we explore how ncRNAs may redefine AD diagnostics and therapeutic strategies in the future.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）是老年人中最常见的痴呆病因，其特征为进行性认知衰退、记忆障碍以及大脑中β-淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）斑块和神经原纤维缠结的积累。尽管进行了广泛研究，但目前的治疗方法仍仅限于缓解症状，无法阻止疾病进展。这一挑战凸显了对可靠生物标志物的迫切需求，这些生物标志物能够实现早期诊断并促进靶向干预措施的开发。非编码RNA（ncRNA）最近因其在基因表达和细胞功能中的调控作用而成为有前景的生物标志物。其中，微小RNA（miRNA）彻底改变了我们对神经退行性过程的理解，有证据表明其失调与AD病理学相关。此外，环状RNA（circRNA）、长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）和PIWI相互作用RNA（piRNA）已被证明与神经元存活、突触维持以及淀粉样前体蛋白加工有关，进一步拓展了生物标志物的范畴。本综述探讨了ncRNA在AD中的表达模式、功能意义和诊断潜力，以及其检测的方法学途径。通过将分子见解与转化应用相结合，我们探索了ncRNA未来如何重新定义AD的诊断和治疗策略。
