Stanek-Wandzel Natalia, Zarębska Magdalena, Wasilewski Tomasz, Hordyjewicz-Baran Zofia, Krzyszowska Alicja, Gębura Katarzyna, Tomaka Magdalena
Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", Łukasiewicz Research Network, Energetykow 9, 47-225 Kedzierzyn-Kozle, Poland.
Faculty of Applied Chemistry, Casimir Pulaski Radom University, Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland.
ACS Omega. 2025 May 30;10(22):23129-23138. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.5c01321. eCollection 2025 Jun 10.
The objective of this study was to develop and optimize a novel ultrasound- and enzyme-assisted extraction (UEAE) method for isolating phenolic compounds, both free and cell-wall-bound, from red (RGP) and white (WGP) grape pomace. The research focused on evaluating the effects of key process parameters, including the composition and concentration of the enzyme mixture (pectinase, cellulase, and hemicellulase), pH, hydrolysis time, and sonication duration, on extraction efficiency and the chemical profile of the recovered phenolics. A specific aim was to compare the performance of the optimized UEAE method with solid-liquid extraction (SLE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) in terms of both the quantity and diversity of phenolic compounds extracted. The results demonstrated that applying ultrasound after enzymatic hydrolysis significantly enhanced the release of the phenolic compounds. The UEAE method proved especially effective in extracting phenolic acids, such as gallic, caffeic, ferulic, and -coumaric acids, with gallic acid content in red grape pomace reaching 431 mg/100 g and that in -coumaric acid reaching 138 mg/100 g. Additionally, flavonoids, including quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, vanillin, and -resveratrol as well as anthocyanins such as malvidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin chloride, were recovered in higher concentrations using the combined method, indicating its broad extraction capability. The highest total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (measured via DPPH and ABTS assays) were observed when ultrasound treatment followed 60 min of enzymatic hydrolysis. This enhancement is attributed to the mechanical disruption of plant structures by ultrasound, which promotes the release of phenolics still bound within the cellular matrix. Overall, the optimized UEAE method proved to be an efficient and versatile approach for maximizing the recovery of bioactive compounds from grape pomace.
本研究的目的是开发并优化一种新型超声酶辅助提取（UEAE）方法，用于从红葡萄渣（RGP）和白葡萄渣（WGP）中分离游离型和细胞壁结合型酚类化合物。该研究着重评估关键工艺参数，包括酶混合物（果胶酶、纤维素酶和半纤维素酶）的组成和浓度、pH值、水解时间和超声处理时间，对提取效率以及回收酚类化合物化学特征的影响。一个具体目标是在提取的酚类化合物的数量和多样性方面，将优化后的UEAE方法与固液萃取（SLE）、超声辅助萃取（UAE）和酶辅助萃取（EAE）的性能进行比较。结果表明，酶解后应用超声可显著提高酚类化合物的释放量。UEAE方法在提取酚酸（如没食子酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸和对香豆酸）方面特别有效，红葡萄渣中没食子酸含量达到431 mg/100 g，对香豆酸含量达到138 mg/100 g。此外，使用联合方法可回收更高浓度的黄酮类化合物（包括槲皮素、山奈酚、木犀草素、香草醛和白藜芦醇）以及花青素（如矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷和氯化花青素），表明其具有广泛的提取能力。当超声处理在酶解60分钟后进行时，观察到总酚含量（TPC）和抗氧化活性（通过DPPH和ABTS测定）最高。这种增强归因于超声对植物结构的机械破坏，从而促进了仍结合在细胞基质中的酚类物质的释放。总体而言，优化后的UEAE方法被证明是一种高效且通用的方法，可最大限度地从葡萄渣中回收生物活性化合物。
