Folker Ann, Bertrand Christina, Hong Yelim, Steinberg Laurence, Duell Natasha, Chang Lei, Giunta Laura Di, Dodge Kenneth A, Gurdal Sevtap, Junla Daranee, Lansford Jennifer E, Oburu Paul, Pastorelli Concetta, Skinner Ann T, Sorbring Emma, Bornstein Marc H, Tirado Liliana Maria Uribe, Yotanyamaneewong Saengduean, Alampay Liane Peña, Al-Hassan Suha M, Bacchini Dario, Deater-Deckard Kirby
University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Dev Sci. 2025 Jul;28(4):e70040. doi: 10.1111/desc.70040.
Executive functioning (EF) is an important developing self-regulatory process that has implications for academic, social, and emotional outcomes. Most work in EF has focused on childhood, and less has examined the development of EF throughout adolescence and into emerging adulthood. The present study assessed longitudinal trajectories of EF from ages 10 to 21 in a diverse, international sample. 1093 adolescents (50.3% female) from eight locations in seven countries completed computerized EF tasks (Stroop, Tower of London [ToL], Working Memory [WM]) at ages 10, 14, 17, and 21. Latent growth curve models were estimated to understand the average performance at age 10 and the change in performance over time for each task. Meta-analytic techniques were used to assess the heterogeneity in estimates between study sites. On average, EF task performance improved across adolescence into young adulthood with substantial between-site heterogeneity. Additionally, significant individual differences in EF task performance at age 10 and change in EF task performance over time characterized the full sample. EF improves throughout adolescence into young adulthood, making it a potentially important time for intervention to improve self-regulation.
执行功能（EF）是一种重要的自我调节发展过程，对学业、社交和情感成果具有重要影响。大多数关于执行功能的研究都集中在儿童期，而较少研究执行功能在整个青春期及进入成年早期的发展情况。本研究在一个多样化的国际样本中评估了10至21岁期间执行功能的纵向轨迹。来自七个国家八个地点的1093名青少年（50.3%为女性）在10岁、14岁、17岁和21岁时完成了计算机化的执行功能任务（斯特鲁普任务、伦敦塔任务[ToL]、工作记忆[WM]）。通过估计潜在增长曲线模型来了解每个任务在10岁时的平均表现以及随时间的表现变化。采用元分析技术评估研究地点之间估计值的异质性。平均而言，执行功能任务表现随着青春期进入青年期而提高，且各地点之间存在显著的异质性。此外，整个样本在10岁时执行功能任务表现存在显著个体差异，且执行功能任务表现随时间变化也存在差异。执行功能在整个青春期到青年期都有所改善，这使其成为改善自我调节干预的一个潜在重要时期。
