Relationship of nuclear and mitochondrial variants with type 2 diabetes and its microvascular comorbidities in a population of Mexican origin.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy represent significant public health challenges in Mexico. The multifactorial nature of these conditions, influenced by both environmental and genetic factors, underscores the complexity of their development. Therefore, it is essential to design new preventive strategies to reduce mortality rates and the substantial economic burden they impose. This review examines genetic variants associated with these pathologies, aiming to establish genetic profiles that explain predisposition in the Mexican population. An extensive search of scientific publications was conducted, selecting studies on nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA variants associated with these diseases in different global populations, with a focus on Mexico. Among these variants, genes with critical molecular mechanisms for disease development and progression were identified. Additionally, genetic variants unique to the Mexican population were found. Based on this review, we conclude that increasing genetic association studies is crucial to validate previously described variants and identify new ones, which could serve as molecular markers for predisposition and progression in the Mexican population.