Cardiac transplantation: A review of current status and emerging innovations.

Heart transplantation (HTx) is a life-saving procedure for patients with end-stage heart failure and has undergone remarkable advancements since the first successful transplant in 1967. The introduction of cyclosporine in the 1970s significantly improved patient outcomes, leading to a global increase in transplants, including in India, where the practice has grown despite initial challenges. This review provides an extensive overview of HTx, focusing on current practices, technological advancements, and the ongoing challenges the field faces today. It explores the evolution of surgical techniques, such as minimally invasive and robotic-assisted procedures, and the management of posttransplant rejection through tailored immunosuppressive strategies, including new monoclonal antibodies and personalized therapies. The review also highlights emerging innovations such as mechanical circulatory support devices and xenotransplantation as potential solutions to donor shortages while acknowledging the ethical and logistical challenges these approaches entail. Furthermore, the analysis delves into the implications of using extended-criteria donors and the role of multidisciplinary teams in evaluating absolute and relative contraindications. Despite the progress made, the persistent issues of organ scarcity and ethical concerns underscore the need for ongoing research and innovation to further enhance the efficacy, safety, and accessibility of HTx.