Xv Junhui, Tang Xuan, Li Ming, Hu Zhe
College of Education and Sports Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, HUB, China.
School of Physical Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, YN, China.
Motor Control. 2025 Jun 17;29(3):274-290. doi: 10.1123/mc.2024-0120. Print 2025 Jul 1.
This study investigated the influence of playing experience on muscle synergy and the vertical (VV) and horizontal release velocities of the basketball during mid- to long-distance jump shots (4.8 and 6.75 m). A total of 28 participants performed jump shot tasks at these two distances, completing three valid attempts at each. The shooting movements were captured using a 3D motion capture system, and surface electromyographic data were recorded from five key muscles. Velocity data were used to calculate VV and horizontal release velocity, while electromyographic data were analyzed using nonnegative matrix factorization to extract muscle synergies. A two-factor mixed-effects model was applied to assess significant differences. The results showed that playing experience significantly enhanced VV (p < .001), which was potentially associated with higher contribution weights from the anterior deltoid, triceps brachii, flexor carpi radialis, and gastrocnemius lateralis within the extracted muscle synergies. As shooting distance increased, both VV and horizontal release velocity significantly increased (p < .05) in both groups. Synergy analysis further revealed that experienced athletes demonstrated higher contribution weights of triceps brachii and exhibited synergy activation profiles with later peak timings, greater activation magnitudes, and shorter activation durations. These synergy-based patterns suggest more efficient and stable motor control in experienced athletes. Based on these findings, it is recommended that novice athletes incorporate strength and timing control training targeting anterior deltoid, triceps brachii, flexor carpi radialis, and gastrocnemius lateralis to improve shooting consistency and stability.
本研究调查了比赛经验对中远距离跳投（4.8米和6.75米）时肌肉协同作用以及篮球垂直（VV）和水平出手速度的影响。共有28名参与者在这两个距离完成跳投任务，每个距离各完成三次有效投篮。使用3D运动捕捉系统记录投篮动作，并从五块关键肌肉记录表面肌电图数据。速度数据用于计算VV和水平出手速度，而肌电图数据则使用非负矩阵分解进行分析以提取肌肉协同作用。应用双因素混合效应模型评估显著差异。结果表明，比赛经验显著提高了VV（p <.001），这可能与提取的肌肉协同作用中三角肌前束、肱三头肌、桡侧腕屈肌和外侧腓肠肌的更高贡献权重有关。随着投篮距离增加，两组的VV和水平出手速度均显著增加（p <.05）。协同作用分析进一步表明，有经验的运动员肱三头肌的贡献权重更高，并且表现出协同激活模式，其峰值时间更晚、激活幅度更大且激活持续时间更短。这些基于协同作用的模式表明有经验的运动员具有更高效和稳定的运动控制。基于这些发现，建议新手运动员进行针对三角肌前束、肱三头肌、桡侧腕屈肌和外侧腓肠肌的力量和时间控制训练，以提高投篮的一致性和稳定性。
