Khan Abbas, Farooq Muhammad, Qureshi Muhammad Amer, Prakash M, Guedri Kamel, Fadhl Bandar M, Almaliki Abdulrazak H, Bayram Mustafa
Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Haripur, Haripur, KP, 22620, Pakistan.
Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jun 20;15(1):20092. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-07140-0.
Cubic stratification dramatically enhances thermal and mass transport in quadratic mixed convection, which is advantageous for electronics cooling, biomedical technology, and power plants. Nanofluids are essential to the development of next-generation cooling and environmental management solutions because of their exceptional thermal characteristics. Motivated by such impactful applications in thermal and engineering systems, this work uses the Buongiorno model to examine heat and mass transfer in Maxwell nanofluids over a vertically extended permeable surface under Darcy-Forchheimer porous flow situations. For a more accurate depiction, convective boundary conditions and suction-injection effects are also included in the current analysis. In order to represent complete heat and mass transport behavior, the model also takes into consideration radiative heat flux, viscous heating, chemical reaction, and cross-diffusion effects through the Soret and Dufour mechanisms. Similarity transformations are used to convert the controlling partial differential equations into a system of ordinary differential equations, which are then numerically solved using Mathematica's NDSolve approach. The influence of important physical parameters on thermal profiles, fluid velocity fields, and concentration distribution is demonstrated in detail through a visual analysis. The skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are calculated and studied in detail to determine the rates of heat, mass, and surface drag. Important key findings shows that the Velocity filed upsurges with nonlinear thermal and convection parameters, whereas it declines with higher Darcy and Forchheimer resistance effects. Moreover, nanofluid temperature is increased by Dufour and Eckert numbers and decreased by thermal stratification parameter. Finally, Soret and solutal Biot numbers enhance nanoparticle concentration, whereas solutal stratification parameter diminishes it. The results exhibit outstanding consistency with previous research published in the literature.
立方分层显著增强了二次混合对流中的热质传递，这对电子设备冷却、生物医学技术和发电厂有利。纳米流体因其卓越的热特性，对于下一代冷却和环境管理解决方案的发展至关重要。受热和工程系统中此类有影响力应用的推动，本工作使用布翁焦尔诺模型研究了达西 - 福希海默多孔流情况下，麦克斯韦纳米流体在垂直延伸的渗透表面上的传热传质。为了更准确地描述，当前分析还包括对流边界条件和抽吸 - 注入效应。为了表示完整的热质传递行为，该模型还通过索雷特和杜福尔机制考虑了辐射热通量、粘性加热、化学反应和交叉扩散效应。相似变换用于将控制偏微分方程转换为常微分方程组，然后使用Mathematica的NDSolve方法进行数值求解。通过可视化分析详细展示了重要物理参数对热分布、流体速度场和浓度分布的影响。计算并详细研究了表面摩擦系数以及局部努塞尔数和舍伍德数，以确定热、质量和表面阻力的速率。重要的关键发现表明，速度场随非线性热和对流参数而上升，而随更高的达西和福希海默阻力效应而下降。此外，纳米流体温度因杜福尔数和埃克特数而升高，因热分层参数而降低。最后，索雷特数和溶质比奥数增强了纳米颗粒浓度，而溶质分层参数则使其降低。结果与文献中先前发表的研究具有出色的一致性。
