Toledo Rafaela Germano, Winkelman William D, Reyes-Gonzalez Daniela, Bergeron Sophie, Fladger Anne, Hacker Michele R, Anand Mallika
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Drs Toledo, Winkelman, Reyes-Gonzalez, Hacker, and Anand), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology (Drs Toledo, Winkelman, Reyes-Gonzalez, Hacker, and Anand), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Drs Toledo, Winkelman, Reyes-Gonzalez, Hacker, and Anand), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology (Drs Toledo, Winkelman, Reyes-Gonzalez, Hacker, and Anand), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2025 Jun 19. doi: 10.1016/j.jmig.2025.06.004.
To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of treatments for female sexual desire, arousal, and orgasmic dysfunction in patients without sexual pain conditions.
MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Following the initial search in December 2024, a total of 8994 abstracts were screened, 278 full-text articles were reviewed, and 36 studies met criteria for data abstraction including a patient population with female sexual dysfunction (FSD) of desire, arousal, and/or orgasm (DAO) and outcome measures including the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), its DAO subscales, and the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS). Studies including patients with sexual pain conditions were excluded. Two reviewers independently conducted each phase.
TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: Of the 36 studies, 26 were RCTs and 10 were single-arm trials. Ten studies evaluated cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 24 investigated medication therapy, and 2 investigated devices. Meta-analyses were conducted for mindfulness-based CBT, flibanserin, and bremelanotide. Mindfulness-based CBT significantly improved total FSFI and subscales of desire, arousal, and orgasm. Conversely, flibanserin improved total FSFI and desire while bremelanotide improved total FSFI and its desire and arousal subscales. No studies directly compared CBT to pharmacotherapy.
In this systematic review of treatments of females with sexual DAO dysfunctions without pain, we found that CBT improves DAO; flibanserin improves desire; and bremelanotide improves both desire and arousal; and all 3 treatments reduce distress. Our findings align with previous literature and expand upon it to include multiple treatment modalities. This broader perspective offers a starting point for clinicians, including gynecologists, who frequently serve as the first point of care for FSD. Conclusions regarding most other treatments could not be drawn due to limited numbers of studies of FSD excluding pain, heterogeneous terminology for DAO disorders, and varying outcome measures across studies.
