Effect of different feeding times on the structure of the intestinal flora of tadpole.

Feeding time is a critical factor influencing the growth, feeding efficiency, and health of animals. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different feeding times on the gut microbiome composition in tadpoles over a 50-d period. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we analyzed the gut microbiome at four feeding times: 6:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 24:00. Our results revealed that tadpoles fed at 12:00 and 18:00 grew significantly faster than those fed at 6:00 and 24:00. The highest microbial abundance and diversity were observed in the 12:00 feeding group. Additionally, three probiotic bacteria-, , and -were identified as dominant species in this group. These findings suggest that feeding time not only influences the composition and structure of the intestinal microbiota in tadpoles but also affects their growth performance. These results highlight the importance of feeding time in improving tadpole health and farming efficiency.