Perhamus Gretchen R, Ostrov Jamie M, Murray-Close Dianna
Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
Department of Psychological Science, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. 2025 Jun 23. doi: 10.1007/s10802-025-01343-9.
The present study tested three aims regarding the socializing roles of peer victimization and harsh parenting in the development of callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors. First, we investigated whether peer victimization's promotive effects on the development of CU behaviors extend downward to early childhood and persist above effects of harsh parenting. We then considered whether, consistent with recent theoretical models, the effects of family and peer stressful experiences may be stronger for those who are emotionally (i.e., higher irritability) or physiologically (i.e., higher basal salivary cortisol) sensitive. Aims were tested over one year across the transition from preschool to kindergarten using a community sample (N = 263, M = 4.32 years, SD = 0.31 years, 47.7% female). Harsh parenting and CU behaviors were measured using parent report. Irritability and physical and relational victimization were measured using teacher report. Basal cortisol was assessed from saliva samples collected on three consecutive days in the morning. Hypothesized effects of peer victimization were not supported. However, consistent with hypotheses, harsh parenting predicted increases in CU behaviors specifically for youth with high levels of irritability (i.e., > 2.12 SDs from the mean; B = 0.26, p =.05). Finally, lower cortisol directly predicted increased CU behaviors (B = - 0.23, p <.001). Findings provide support for negative emotional reactivity as a moderating factor in the effects of harsh parenting on the development of early childhood CU behaviors, whereas HPA axis hypoactivity may directly increase risk.
本研究检验了关于同伴侵害和严厉教养在冷酷无情（CU）行为发展中的社交作用的三个目标。首先，我们调查了同伴侵害对CU行为发展的促进作用是否向下延伸至幼儿期，并持续高于严厉教养的影响。然后，我们考虑，与最近的理论模型一致，家庭和同伴压力经历的影响对于那些在情绪上（即易怒程度较高）或生理上（即基础唾液皮质醇水平较高）敏感的人是否可能更强。研究目标是在从学前班到幼儿园的一年过渡期间，使用一个社区样本（N = 263，M = 4.32岁，SD = 0.31岁，47.7%为女性）进行检验的。严厉教养和CU行为通过家长报告进行测量。易怒程度以及身体和关系方面的侵害通过教师报告进行测量。基础皮质醇是从连续三天早上采集的唾液样本中评估的。同伴侵害的假设效应未得到支持。然而，与假设一致，严厉教养预测CU行为的增加，特别是对于易怒程度较高的青少年（即高于均值2.12个标准差；B = 0.26，p = 0.05）。最后，较低的皮质醇直接预测了CU行为的增加（B = -0.23，p < 0.001）。研究结果支持消极情绪反应作为严厉教养对幼儿CU行为发展影响的一个调节因素，而HPA轴功能低下可能直接增加风险。
