Presence, genetic characterization, geographic distribution and associated risk factors of feline hemoplasmas in Paraguay.

Hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) are small, wall-less bacteria that parasitize red blood cells and can induce hemolytic anemia in felines. The three main species known to infect cats worldwide are Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum (CMht) and Candidatus Mycoplasma turicencis (CMt). These species differ in their pathogenicity and prevalence, Mhf being the most pathogenic and CMht the most prevalent. The aim of this study was to determine the presence, genetic characterization, associated risk factors and geographical distribution of feline hemoplasmas in Paraguay. DNA was extracted from feline whole blood samples submitted by local veterinarians to the CEDIVEP laboratory for the detection of feline hemoplasmas; Mhf (456 samples), CMht (428 samples), and CMt (359 samples) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 76/456 samples (16%) were positive for Mhf, 77/428 (18%) were positive for CMht, and no animals were positive for CMt by PCR. Sequencing, BLAST and phylogenetic analysis were performed to confirm the identity of 16 S rRNA and was supported by the distinct separation of species-specific clades. Positive animals were found in both regions of the country (eastern and western), and the Department with the highest prevalence was Central with 70/76 (92,1%) positive for Mhf and 70/77 (90,9%) positive for CMht. The prevalence of feline hemoplasmas in domestic cats in both regions of Paraguay was determined by PCR. Male sex was a risk factor for Mhf and CMht. Age between 1 and 3 years was a risk factor for CMht and mixed breed and Siamese was a risk factor for Mhf. Feline mycoplasmosis had a greater presence in Central deparment Paraguay and more frequently affected mixed breed and common European cats.