Patients Presenting With Reflux Symptoms - Whom to Test and Whom to Treat?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a complex condition with diverse clinical presentations, ranging from typical heartburn and regurgitation symptoms to extraesophageal manifestations and alarm symptoms. Determining which patients should be tested first versus those who should receive empirical treatment remains a key clinical challenge. If not recently performed, initial patient testing, commonly involving upper endoscopy, is recommended for patients presenting with alarm or refractory symptoms and for those at high risk for Barrett's esophagus. Additionally, testing should be prioritized for patients with underlying comorbidities, such as scleroderma, increased body mass index, or a suspected large hiatal hernia. Older patients with atypical symptom presentations and those with extraesophageal symptoms or signs, especially in the absence of typical GERD symptoms, should also be referred for endoscopy if recent endoscopic results are not available. In contrast, patients with typical GERD symptoms in the absence of alarm features and those with extraesophageal symptoms accompanied by typical GERD symptoms could begin empirical treatment with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) or potassium competitive acid blocker (PCAB). For individuals without alarm symptoms who do not respond to once-daily PPI therapy, escalation to twice-daily PPI therapy or switching to a PCAB, without further testing, is appropriate. Overall, an individualized approach is recommended, with patient presentation guiding the decision to test or treat first.