Koncicki Andrzej, Pietruszyńska Marta, Mieszczak Martyna, Stępniewska Joanna, Tykałowski Bartłomiej, Stenzel Tomasz
Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Białystok, Poland.
J Vet Res. 2025 Jun 11;69(2):241-247. doi: 10.2478/jvetres-2025-0034. eCollection 2025 Jun.
The aim of this article was to review current knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the avian eye and ocular diseases in poultry. The avian visual organ consists of the eye and extraocular organs and, unlike the mammalian eye, is characterised by many structural and functional adaptations that enhance vision. Avian eyes do not have the same functions as mammalian eyes. Bird eyes have high sensory sensitivity and are capable of constellation recognition for star orientation and navigation; they may be regarded as the finest ocular organs in the animal kingdom. It is generally accepted that the considerable differences in the morphology and function of avian eyes are largely due to adaptations to specific activities and environmental conditions. Eye diseases are rarely diagnosed in poultry because, unlike livestock and pets, detailed ophthalmological examinations are not carried out on farmed birds. Nevertheless, poultry are frequently affected by ocular pathologies, including developmental abnormalities, infectious and non-infectious diseases, degenerative processes, tumours, injuries and pathological conditions of unknown aetiology. In poultry, ocular disease is often associated with respiratory and systemic disease. Ocular pathology in farmed birds has a complex aetiology and its incidence can be reduced by controlling the incubation parameters of hatching eggs, avoiding feeding errors in breeder flocks and rearing poultry under conditions that optimise welfare and comply with biosecurity standards.
本文旨在综述当前关于家禽眼部解剖学、生理学及眼部疾病的知识。禽类视觉器官由眼球和眼外器官组成，与哺乳动物的眼睛不同，其具有许多增强视力的结构和功能适应性特征。禽类眼睛的功能与哺乳动物的眼睛不同。鸟类眼睛具有高度的感官敏感性，能够识别星座以进行恒星定向和导航；它们可被视为动物王国中最精巧的视觉器官。人们普遍认为，禽类眼睛在形态和功能上的显著差异很大程度上是由于对特定活动和环境条件的适应。在家禽中很少诊断出眼部疾病，因为与家畜和宠物不同，养殖禽类不会进行详细的眼科检查。然而，家禽经常受到眼部病变的影响，包括发育异常、感染性和非感染性疾病、退行性病变、肿瘤、损伤以及病因不明的病理状况。在家禽中，眼部疾病通常与呼吸道疾病和全身性疾病有关。养殖禽类的眼部病变病因复杂，通过控制孵化蛋的孵化参数、避免种鸡群的饲养错误以及在优化福利并符合生物安全标准的条件下饲养家禽，可降低其发病率。
