Generation of Immune Modulating Small Metabolites-Metabokines-By Adult Schistosomes.

Schistosomes are intravascular parasitic worms that cause the debilitating tropical disease schistosomiasis, affecting >200 million people worldwide. How the worms survive within the body of immunocompetent hosts for many years is unclear. Here, using chromatography and mass spectrometry, we report on the ex vivo ability of adult worms to modulate the levels of 27 small molecule (often immunomodulatory) metabokines in murine plasma. Schistosomes significantly alter the relative amounts of most (16) of these molecules. Three (inosine, genistein, and glucose) are significantly decreased in the presence of the parasites. While levels of several immunomodulatory metabolites from the kynurenine pathway (kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and xanthurenic acid) remain unchanged, levels of anthranilate (an endogenous regulator of innate immunity) are significantly increased. Of particular interest are increases in levels of metabolites that are known to skew immune responses in a manner that is seen following natural schistosome infection, such as by promoting Th2 immunity (succinate), Treg generation (lactate) and M2 macrophage polarization (lactate and succinate). In addition, significant increases are also observed for 2-hydroxyglutarate, adenine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, myoinositol, betaine and N-acetylglucosamine. Each of these compounds can have immunosuppressive effects that could impact host immunological status and contribute to schistosome survival.