Axt Paul N, Mohr Theresa, Steffen Armin, Plötze-Martin Kirstin, Jagodzinski Nele, Bohnet Sabine, Drömann Daniel, Bruchhage Karl-Ludwig, Franzen Klaas F, Pries Ralph
Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
Toxics. 2025 Jun 2;13(6):472. doi: 10.3390/toxics13060472.
Tobacco smoking is closely associated with pro-inflammatory immunological alterations, whereas regular physical exercise is well known to lower systemic inflammations and related immune cell activities. The combined effects of smoking, nicotine pouch use, vaping, and exercise on individual immunological responses remain incompletely understood, especially in view of alternative nicotine delivery systems. In this study, we analyzed the immediate impact of different nicotine sources on exercise monocyte subsets in 16 human subjects using a four-arm cross-over design. Distribution of circulating CD14/CD16 monocyte subsets and expression of the monocytic checkpoint molecule PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand-1) were analysed via whole blood flow cytometry measurements. Plasma cytokines were evaluated using membrane-based cytokine arrays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Data revealed significant distributions of circulating monocytes subsets in response to nicotine consumption and physical stress. In contrast, exercise-driven increased monocytic PD-L1 was clearly attenuated following the consumption various nicotine delivery systems. Furthermore, significantly increased plasma growth hormone levels were detected in response to physical stress in combination with cigarette consumption. Our data clearly illustrates a significant influence of nicotine consumption on the cellular characteristics of circulating monocyte subsets and on proper exercise-driven immune responses within a short period of time, which makes the widespread trivialization of alternative nicotine sources questionable.
吸烟与促炎性免疫改变密切相关，而经常进行体育锻炼则众所周知可降低全身炎症及相关免疫细胞活性。吸烟、使用尼古丁袋、吸电子烟和运动对个体免疫反应的综合影响仍未完全了解，尤其是考虑到替代尼古丁递送系统。在本研究中，我们采用四臂交叉设计分析了16名人类受试者中不同尼古丁来源对运动单核细胞亚群的即时影响。通过全血流式细胞术测量分析循环CD14/CD16单核细胞亚群的分布以及单核细胞检查点分子PD-L1（程序性细胞死亡配体-1）的表达。使用基于膜的细胞因子阵列和酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）评估血浆细胞因子。数据显示，循环单核细胞亚群的分布因摄入尼古丁和身体应激而有显著变化。相比之下，在使用各种尼古丁递送系统后，运动驱动的单核细胞PD-L1增加明显减弱。此外，在身体应激与吸烟相结合的情况下，检测到血浆生长激素水平显著升高。我们的数据清楚地表明，摄入尼古丁在短时间内对循环单核细胞亚群的细胞特征以及适当的运动驱动免疫反应有显著影响，这使得替代尼古丁来源的广泛轻视值得怀疑。
