Peptides That Induce the Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation of α-Synuclein.

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins can form membraneless organelles in the cell and can lead to pathological aggregation associated with neurodegenerative diseases. However, progress in controlling LLPS has been limited, and there has been no emergence of engineered molecules to induce and modulate LLPS of targeted proteins. Here, we report peptides that efficiently induce the LLPS of α-synuclein (αSyn), a protein involved in Parkinson's disease, discovered by the RaPID (random nonstandard peptides integrated discovery) system. These peptides primarily interact with the C-terminal region of αSyn, leading to the formation of an interaction network with αSyn and resulting in efficient droplet formation. Our study demonstrates the capacity of target-specific peptides to control LLPS and the subsequent liquid-solid phase transition (LSPT). Our novel LLPS-inducing and LSPT-modulating peptides may serve as a promising tool for fundamental investigations of LLPS and potentially for therapeutic intervention in amyloid diseases.