Thermosensitive hydrogel, as a smart polymer material, showed great potential for application in the field of wound repair due to its unique external temperature responsiveness and excellent biocompatibility. Chitosan, a natural macromolecular polysaccharide derived from the deacetylation of chitin, possessed not only strong interactions with biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, but also unique biocompatibility and degradability. Chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogels, prepared by compounding chitosan with surfactants, underwent sol-gel phase transitions at varying external temperatures, which provided an ideal healing environment for wounds. This comprehensive review was initiated by elucidating the sol-gel phase transformation mechanism underlying thermosensitive hydrogels and the intricate process of wound repair. In addition, this review provided a detailed overview of the prevalent types of chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogels, highlighting their unique characteristics and applications in different types of wound repair. Finally, the challenges and development directions of chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogels in wound repair were discussed, aiming to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for their future applications in wound healing.