Randle Terumi S, Miskovic Laurel N, Grant O'Daniel Victoria R, Okechukwu Anjo I, Shahzad Najiya, Mkandawire Kayla C, Warrick Madeline, Smith Zoe R
Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA.
Children (Basel). 2025 May 24;12(6):674. doi: 10.3390/children12060674.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are neuropsychiatric diagnoses that commonly co-occur, as approximately 25% of youth with OCD also have a diagnosis of ADHD and 11% of youth with ADHD have OCD. Individuals with ADHD and OCD are also commonly treated for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and traumatic experiences. Conversely, Black and Latiné youth in the United States have limited access to culturally responsive providers to address these conditions due to systemic racism; the lower rates of appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and inclusion in research create worsening symptoms of OCD. Thus, we sought to understand how ADHD symptoms affect OCD symptoms and how these comorbid diagnoses, in addition to anxiety disorders, affect reported anxiety, depression, and trauma for Black and/or Latiné teens. Participants ( = 48) are Black and/or Latina/é/o youth with ADHD in the United States. Self and parent-report measures were completed for ADHD, anxiety, and depression, and a semi-structured interview was conducted to assess current mental health diagnoses (OCD, ADHD, trauma). A path analysis showed higher levels of ADHD inattentive (ADHDI) symptoms (β = 0.34) were positively associated with obsessions. In contrast, higher ADHD hyperactive/impulsivity symptoms (ADHDHI) (β = -0.11) were negatively associated with obsessions. Neither ADHDI nor ADHDHI symptoms were associated with compulsions. Interestingly, ADHDI (β = 0.33) & obsessions (β = 0.28) were both associated with depression; however, ADHDHI was negatively associated with depression (β = -0.29). Importantly, ADHDI was associated with trauma (β = 0.13) and obsessions were strongly associated with anxiety (β = 0.38). These findings may allow for better screenings and treatments for co-occurring OCD and ADHD symptoms and a greater understanding of the impact depression, anxiety, and trauma have on neurodivergent Black and/or Latiné youth.
强迫症（OCD）和注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是常见的共病神经精神疾病诊断，约25%的患有强迫症的青少年也被诊断患有注意力缺陷多动障碍，而11%患有注意力缺陷多动障碍的青少年患有强迫症。患有注意力缺陷多动障碍和强迫症的个体也常因抑郁、焦虑和创伤经历的症状而接受治疗。相反，由于系统性种族主义，美国的黑人及拉丁裔青少年获得具有文化适应性的医疗服务提供者来治疗这些疾病的机会有限；适当诊断、治疗和纳入研究的比例较低，导致强迫症症状恶化。因此，我们试图了解注意力缺陷多动障碍症状如何影响强迫症症状，以及除焦虑症外，这些共病诊断如何影响黑人及/或拉丁裔青少年报告的焦虑、抑郁和创伤情况。参与者（n = 48）为美国患有注意力缺陷多动障碍的黑人及/或拉丁裔青少年。完成了关于注意力缺陷多动障碍、焦虑和抑郁的自我及家长报告测量，并进行了半结构化访谈以评估当前的心理健康诊断（强迫症、注意力缺陷多动障碍、创伤）情况。路径分析显示，较高水平的注意力缺陷多动障碍注意力不集中症状（ADHDI）（β = 0.34）与强迫观念呈正相关。相比之下，较高的注意力缺陷多动障碍多动/冲动症状（ADHDHI）（β = -0.11）与强迫观念呈负相关。ADHDI和ADHDHI症状均与强迫行为无关。有趣的是，ADHDI（β = 0.33）和强迫观念（β = 0.28）均与抑郁相关；然而，ADHDHI与抑郁呈负相关（β = -0.29）。重要的是，ADHDI与创伤相关（β = 0.13），强迫观念与焦虑密切相关（β = 0.38）。这些发现可能有助于更好地筛查和治疗共病的强迫症和注意力缺陷多动障碍症状，并更深入地了解抑郁、焦虑和创伤对神经发育异常的黑人及/或拉丁裔青少年的影响。
