Sun Longjie, Chen Mingyue, Wang Xin
Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Jun 18;26(12):5852. doi: 10.3390/ijms26125852.
RNA polymerase III (Pol III) transcribes a broad spectrum of non-coding RNAs, including transfer RNAs (tRNAs), 5S ribosomal RNA (5S rRNA), U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA), and a range of regulatory RNAs (7SK, 7SL, RMRP, RPPH1, Y RNA, vault RNA, Alu, BC200, snaR, and nc886). These RNAs are integral to fundamental cellular processes, including transcription and translation, RNA processing and stability, and cytoplasmic protein targeting. Among them, tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) have recently emerged as critical regulators across a wide array of biological contexts. Increasing evidence links the dysfunction of Pol III transcripts to human diseases, particularly genetic disorders and cancer. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of Pol III-transcribed RNAs, their biogenesis and regulatory mechanisms, and their biological functions. We also explore emerging insights into the disease relevance of Pol III-transcribed RNAs and discuss their potential implications for future research and therapeutic development.
RNA聚合酶III（Pol III）转录多种非编码RNA，包括转运RNA（tRNA）、5S核糖体RNA（5S rRNA）、U6小核RNA（U6 snRNA）以及一系列调控RNA（7SK、7SL、RMRP、RPPH1、Y RNA、穹窿体RNA、Alu、BC200、snaR和nc886）。这些RNA对于包括转录和翻译、RNA加工与稳定性以及细胞质蛋白靶向等基本细胞过程不可或缺。其中，tRNA衍生的小RNA（tsRNA）最近已成为多种生物学背景下的关键调节因子。越来越多的证据表明，Pol III转录本功能异常与人类疾病相关，尤其是遗传疾病和癌症。在本综述中，我们全面概述了Pol III转录的RNA、它们的生物合成和调控机制以及它们的生物学功能。我们还探讨了关于Pol III转录的RNA与疾病相关性的新见解，并讨论了它们对未来研究和治疗开发的潜在影响。
