Infective Endocarditis During Pregnancy: Challenges and Future Directions.

Infective endocarditis (IE) during pregnancy, while uncommon, is associated with substantial maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality due to the complex physiological adaptations of pregnancy. Hemodynamic alterations, including increased cardiac output and changes in vascular resistance, combined with immunological modulation, predispose pregnant individuals to increased risk of infection and associated complications. Predominant pathogens implicated in pregnancy-associated IE are , , and , with infections frequently leading to poorer clinical outcomes. Diagnosis remains challenging due to commonly atypical presentation and relies on microbiological identification via blood cultures in conjunction with imaging modalities such as transthoracic echocardiography. IE in pregnancy is associated with increased maternal mortality rates (5-17%) and adverse fetal outcomes, including preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and fetal loss. Management necessitates careful selection of antimicrobial therapy to ensure efficacy while minimizing fetal toxicity, especially in settings of increased antimicrobial resistance. Anticoagulation and surgical interventions must be judiciously considered, with surgical timing individualized based on the severity of heart failure and coordinated multidisciplinary care. In conclusion, IE during pregnancy constitutes a significant clinical challenge, underscoring the need for enhanced diagnostic strategies, optimized therapeutic protocols, and the development of pregnancy-specific management guidelines to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.