Naik Lincoln, Patel Salina, Das Mousumi, Nayak Dev Kiran, Dandsena Pramathesh Kumar, Quaderi Mustafeez Ali, Kumar Ashish, Mishra Amit, Singh Ramandeep, Mishra Abtar, Dhiman Rohan
Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342011, India.
Immunol Res. 2025 Jun 26;73(1):99. doi: 10.1007/s12026-025-09657-y.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), modulates host immune responses by regulating various cytokines. Precise regulation of these cytokines renders the host pathogen-free, whereas their dysregulation increases the susceptibility to infection. Hence, induction of host protective cytokines using immunomodulators to promote M. tuberculosis clearance has a rewarding impact in the context of TB treatment. This study explored the immunomodulatory activity of 4-(Benzyloxy)phenol (4-BOP) in mycobacteria infected differentiated THP-1 cells through IL-35 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine) production. Initially, we observed an increased mRNA and protein level expression of IL-35 and its cognate receptor upon 4-BOP treatment in mycobacteria-infected dTHP-1 cells. IL-35 receptor activation further led to phosphorylation of JAK1/STAT3, culminating in increased phagosome-lysosome fusion through elevation of intracellular Ca level. Blocking IL-35 receptors using siRNA-mediated approach against IL-12Rβ2 and gp130 or the JAK1/STAT3 associated signaling with specific inhibitors like Baricitinib and Stattic promoted the intracellular mycobacterial survival by compromising Ca-phagosome-lysosome fusion pathway. Further, we identified a direct regulatory role of p53 (known to be activated by 4-BOP) on IL-35 production, and inhibition of p53 using PFT-α surprisingly abrogated the IL-35 mediated signaling axis. Collectively, our results demonstrated a host defensive role of 4-BOP-induced Il-35 signaling in mycobacteria-infected dTHP-1 cells through the JAK1/STAT3 mediated Ca-phagosome-lysosome fusion pathway. These results suggest that 4-BOP may serve as a potent HDT candidate for regulating inflammation and enhancing host defense in TB infection.
结核分枝杆菌(M. tuberculosis)是结核病(TB)的病原体,它通过调节多种细胞因子来调控宿主免疫反应。这些细胞因子的精确调节可使宿主免受病原体侵害,而其失调则会增加感染易感性。因此,在结核病治疗中,使用免疫调节剂诱导宿主保护性细胞因子以促进结核分枝杆菌清除具有重要意义。本研究通过白细胞介素-35(IL-35,一种抗炎细胞因子)的产生,探讨了4-(苄氧基)苯酚(4-BOP)在分枝杆菌感染的分化THP-1细胞中的免疫调节活性。最初,我们观察到在分枝杆菌感染的分化THP-1细胞中,经4-BOP处理后,IL-35及其同源受体的mRNA和蛋白水平表达增加。IL-35受体激活进一步导致JAK1/STAT3磷酸化,最终通过提高细胞内钙水平增加吞噬体-溶酶体融合。使用针对IL-12Rβ2和gp130的siRNA介导方法或用巴瑞替尼和Stattic等特异性抑制剂阻断JAK1/STAT3相关信号,通过损害钙-吞噬体-溶酶体融合途径促进细胞内分枝杆菌存活。此外,我们确定了p53(已知可被4-BOP激活)对IL-35产生的直接调节作用,令人惊讶的是,使用PFT-α抑制p53可消除IL-35介导的信号轴。总体而言,我们的结果表明,在分枝杆菌感染的分化THP-1细胞中,4-BOP诱导的IL-35信号通过JAK1/STAT3介导的钙-吞噬体-溶酶体融合途径发挥宿主防御作用。这些结果表明,4-BOP可能作为一种有效的宿主导向治疗候选药物,用于调节炎症并增强结核病感染中的宿主防御。
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