Skin trauma, especially chronic trauma, poses a significant clinical challenge, often leading to severe disability or even death. Traditional treatment methods exhibit several limitations in terms of efficacy, material availability, and biocompatibility. The development of decellularized extracellular matrices (dECMs) has led to revolutionary progress in this field. These materials retain the bioactive components of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) and, combined with their excellent physical structure, promote wound healing. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that dECM-based dressings can enhance the re-epithelialization rate by 20-50% and shorten the healing cycle of chronic wounds by 40%. This article systematically reviews the application of dECM in wound repair. First, it outlines the pathophysiology of wound healing, focusing on the mechanisms by which key ECM components promote wound healing. Next, it classifies decellularized materials and proposes material design schemes for different types of damage. Finally, the limitations of current dECM-based wound treatments and future research directions are discussed. This review aims to provide a theoretical framework and technical reference for researchers in related fields, promoting the widespread application of dECM materials for skin trauma treatment.