Yield and Quality of Walnuts Subjected to Deficit Irrigation in Mountainous Water-Starved Environments.

Walnut ( L.) exhibits a high sensitivity to water deficit, making it crucial to comprehend this characteristic in order to optimize irrigation strategies to improve its productivity. Deficit irrigation is widely used under drought conditions to achieve water savings goals. This study examines the impact of sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) strategies-applying 33%, 50%, or 75% of the crop water demand-on yield and quality parameters of two walnut cultivars (Chandler and Cisco) over a three-year monitoring period. These treatments were compared against control trees receiving full irrigation at 100% of crop water requirements (C). The nut yield was significantly and proportionally reduced under the SDI treatments. In the experiment, the average yield for cv. Chandler amounted to 6.7, 6.4, and 12.2 kg tree under SDI, SDI, and SDI respectively, which were less than 13.9 kg tree in the C plot. Similarly, cv. Cisco yielded 8.0, 11.6, 11, and 15.6 kg tree under SDI, SDI, SDI, and C, respectively. These findings indicate that the cultivar Cisco exhibits greater tolerance to moderate and intermediate levels of water deficit. Furthermore, the SDI treatments notably influenced several morphological and physicochemical kernel parameters. The key affected attributes include the weight, size, color, profiles of specific sugars, and mineral content (notably potassium, iron, and zinc), as well as the composition of unsaturated fatty acids (palmitoleic and cis-vaccenic) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and α-linolenic), with pronounced effects observed particularly under the SDI treatment. Thus, deficit irrigation did not drastically affect the kernel quality parameters, and it is also possible to augment them by selecting the appropriate water stress level. Therefore, for both walnut cultivars, approximately 25% of the irrigation water (SDI), equivalent to an average of 1681 m ha, can be conserved relative to the total crop water requirement without negatively impacting walnut tree performance in the short to medium term. Here, we show the key role of adjusting irrigation practices by stressing the benefits of SDI that can save water, foster water productivity, and boost walnut health-promoting phytochemicals.