Hasan Md Rakibul, Hasan Mashfiqul, Aharama Al
Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Dhaka, BGD.
Endocrinology and Diabetes, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BGD.
Cureus. 2025 May 29;17(5):e85065. doi: 10.7759/cureus.85065. eCollection 2025 May.
The onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in prepubertal age is not uncommon nowadays. Here we are reporting on a young boy who was diagnosed with diabetes at the age of eight years. Diagnosis of diabetes was made based on symptoms of hyperglycemia (new onset bed wetting, also polyphagia and polydipsia) and laboratory evidence of high plasma glucose. The patient was obese (body mass index, BMI > 95th percentile) and had acanthosis nigricans during presentation. The type of diabetes was not confirmed at the time of diagnosis based on the supporting laboratory investigations. His initial high blood glucose was managed with a basal bolus insulin regimen with symptomatic improvement. Due to poor follow-up and inadequate adherence to a complex insulin regimen, his blood glucose was not well controlled. Sometimes the patient stopped insulin for several weeks without evidence of hyperglycemic crisis. We excluded type 1 diabetes by checking fasting C-peptide and islet autoantibodies. He had a strong family history of diabetes at a very young age of onset, affecting all generations. Both parents had diabetes, and he was exposed to high maternal blood glucose during gestation. He was delivered by cesarean section at 37 completed weeks of gestation, his birth weight was 3.5 kg, and he did not experience post-delivery hypoglycemia, according to the statement of his guardian. Mother was treated with insulin during gestation, but blood glucose control was not satisfactory. All these conditions are considered risk factors of T2DM. However, maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) could be a possible differential diagnosis, considering a strong family history. So, we checked 14 MODY-related genes (GCK, HNF1A, HNF4A, HNF1B, INS, NEUROD1, PDX1, PAX4, ABCC8, KCNJ11, KLF11, CEL, BLK, and APPL1) and found no pathogenic variant. Finally, we confirmed him as a case of type 2 DM. We changed his treatment from a complex basal bolus insulin regimen to twice-daily premixed insulin with continuation of metformin (500 mg, twice daily), which was already prescribed by another physician. On follow-up, his glycated hemoglobin reduced significantly (from 11.1% to 8.0%). As his obesity was an important issue, we initiated semaglutide at a dose of 0.25 mg later on. Metformin was stopped due to dyspepsia. On the last follow-up, the patient lost significant weight with better control of diabetes (ranging from 5.0 to 5.7 mmol/L in a fasting state and post-meal capillary glucose <8.2 mmol/L using a glucometer at home) without any evidence of hypoglycemia after the initiation of semaglutide, and the dose of insulin was reduced significantly. We planned to stop insulin and maintain an ideal body weight while ensuring good compliance with lifestyle advice. We checked diabetes-related macro- and microvascular complications, which were negative, except in one episode, trace albumin was present in urine, which was negative on subsequent investigations.
如今,青春期前2型糖尿病(T2DM)的发病并不罕见。在此,我们报告一名8岁被诊断为糖尿病的小男孩。糖尿病的诊断基于高血糖症状(新发尿床,还有多食和多饮)以及高血浆葡萄糖的实验室证据。该患者肥胖(体重指数,BMI>第95百分位数),就诊时伴有黑棘皮病。根据辅助实验室检查,诊断时未确诊糖尿病类型。他最初的高血糖通过基础 - 餐时胰岛素方案进行管理,症状有所改善。由于随访不佳以及对复杂胰岛素方案的依从性不足,他的血糖控制不佳。有时患者会停用胰岛素数周,却没有高血糖危象的迹象。我们通过检查空腹C肽和胰岛自身抗体排除了1型糖尿病。他有糖尿病的家族病史,发病年龄非常小,累及所有世代。父母双方都患有糖尿病,他在孕期暴露于母亲的高血糖环境中。据其监护人陈述,他在妊娠37足周时通过剖宫产出生,出生体重3.5千克,出生后未发生低血糖。母亲在孕期接受胰岛素治疗,但血糖控制不佳。所有这些情况都被视为T2DM的危险因素。然而,考虑到家族病史强烈,青少年发病的成年型糖尿病(MODY)可能是一个需要鉴别诊断的疾病。因此,我们检查了14个与MODY相关的基因(GCK、HNF1A、HNF4A、HNF1B、INS、NEUROD1、PDX1、PAX4、ABCC8、KCNJ11、KLF11、CEL、BLK和APPL1),未发现致病变异。最后,我们确诊他为2型糖尿病病例。我们将他的治疗从复杂的基础 - 餐时胰岛素方案改为每日两次预混胰岛素,并继续使用二甲双胍(每日500毫克,分两次服用),二甲双胍是另一位医生之前已经开具的。在随访中,他的糖化血红蛋白显著降低(从11.1%降至8.0%)。由于他的肥胖是一个重要问题,我们后来开始使用司美格鲁肽,剂量为0.25毫克。由于消化不良,停用了二甲双胍。在最后一次随访时,患者体重显著减轻,糖尿病得到更好控制(空腹状态下血糖范围为5.0至5.7毫摩尔/升,在家使用血糖仪测量餐后毛细血管血糖<8.2毫摩尔/升),开始使用司美格鲁肽后没有任何低血糖迹象,胰岛素剂量也显著降低。我们计划停用胰岛素并维持理想体重,同时确保严格遵守生活方式建议。我们检查了与糖尿病相关的大血管和微血管并发症,结果均为阴性,除了有一次尿液中出现微量白蛋白,后续检查为阴性。