Anandan Shamundeeswari, Maciak Karina, Breinbauer Regina, Mostafavi Sepideh, Kvistad Christopher Elnan, Torkildsen Oivind, Myhr Kjell-Morten
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Front Immunol. 2025 Jun 16;16:1569503. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1569503. eCollection 2025.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the nervous system and a main cause of neurological disability in young adults. Most disease-modifying therapies are administrated as long-term maintenance therapies and may, thereby, increase the risk of infections and other immune-mediated side effects. In the last years, several cerebrospinal fluid and soluble blood biomarkers have been suggested as potential key tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring of MS. Recently, the specific ability of brain-derived blood extracellular vesicles (EVs) that cross the blood-brain barrier into the bloodstream, reflecting the current immune status of the central nervous system, has kindled interest as potential biomarkers. In this review, we discuss the current trends of clinical brain-derived blood biomarkers, with a special focus on the emerging role of brain-derived blood EVs in MS.
多发性硬化症（MS）是一种慢性炎症性神经退行性疾病，是年轻人神经功能障碍的主要原因。大多数疾病修正疗法作为长期维持疗法使用，因此可能会增加感染和其他免疫介导的副作用的风险。在过去几年中，几种脑脊液和可溶性血液生物标志物已被提议作为MS诊断、预后和治疗监测的潜在关键工具。最近，脑源性血液细胞外囊泡（EVs）穿过血脑屏障进入血液循环的特殊能力，反映了中枢神经系统当前的免疫状态，引发了人们对其作为潜在生物标志物的兴趣。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了临床脑源性血液生物标志物的当前趋势，特别关注脑源性血液EVs在MS中的新兴作用。
