Cesare Marincola Flaminia, Masu Daniela, Libonati Veronica, Tozzi Michela, Isola Raffaella, Vargiu Romina, Marini Elisabetta, Roberto Silvana, Magnani Sara, Ghiani Giovanna, Mulliri Gabriele, Crisafulli Antonio, Rinaldi Andrea C
Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari & CSGI, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
PLoS One. 2025 Jul 1;20(7):e0325447. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0325447. eCollection 2025.
The combination of hypoxia and exercise offers significant potential benefits for non-athletic individuals, particularly in clinical and rehabilitation settings. Personalized hypoxic exercise programs can be tailored to improve cardiovascular and metabolic health, enhance recovery, and promote adaptation to low-oxygen environments. However, finding the optimal balance between exercise variables (intensity, duration, frequency, type of exercise), and hypoxic exposure parameters (altitude level, duration, session frequency), remains challenging. Further research is needed to understand how these variables interact to optimize hypoxic exercise protocols. In the present study, we explored the effects of a single session of mild dynamic exercise conducted in normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 = 13.5%) on the plasma and urine metabolome of thirteen healthy young adults (age 29.7 ± 4.5 y, body mass index 23.5 ± 1.4 kg/m2). For comparative purposes, participants performed the same exercise under normoxia (FiO2 = 21%). During both exercise sessions, subjects wore a mask connected to a hypoxic gas generator while seated on a cycle ergometer. After a 4 minute rest, they pedaled for 3 minutes at 30% of their Wmax, followed by 6 minutes of recovery. Hemodynamic parameters were measured at four time points, and biological samples (blood and urine) were collected before the test and within 5 minutes of exercise completion. Samples were analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis of NMR datasets revealed noteworthy changes in the levels of certain metabolites following the hypoxic session: 3-hydroxybutyrate, branched-chain amino acids, citrate, lactate, phenylalanine, succinate, and tyrosine in plasma; 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, 3-hydroxyisovalerate, alanine, acetone, dimethylamine, glycine, lactate, succinate, and taurine in urine. These metabolic shifts, along with their statistically significant correlations with hemodynamic parameters, suggest an adaptive modulation of energy metabolism pathways in response to mild hypoxic stress.
低氧与运动相结合为非运动员个体带来了显著的潜在益处,尤其是在临床和康复环境中。个性化的低氧运动方案可进行定制,以改善心血管和代谢健康、促进恢复,并增强对低氧环境的适应能力。然而,在运动变量(强度、持续时间、频率、运动类型)和低氧暴露参数(海拔高度、持续时间、训练频率)之间找到最佳平衡仍然具有挑战性。需要进一步的研究来了解这些变量如何相互作用以优化低氧运动方案。在本研究中,我们探讨了在常压低氧(FiO2 = 13.5%)条件下进行的单次轻度动态运动对13名健康年轻成年人(年龄29.7 ± 4.5岁,体重指数23.5 ± 1.4 kg/m2)血浆和尿液代谢组的影响。为了进行比较,参与者在常氧(FiO2 = 21%)条件下进行相同的运动。在两次运动过程中,受试者坐在自行车测力计上时佩戴连接到低氧气体发生器的面罩。休息4分钟后,他们以最大摄氧量的30%蹬车3分钟,随后恢复6分钟。在四个时间点测量血流动力学参数,并在测试前和运动完成后5分钟内收集生物样本(血液和尿液)。样本通过1H NMR光谱进行分析。对NMR数据集的单变量和多变量统计分析显示,低氧训练后某些代谢物水平发生了显著变化:血浆中的3-羟基丁酸、支链氨基酸、柠檬酸、乳酸、苯丙氨酸、琥珀酸和酪氨酸;尿液中的3-羟基异丁酸、3-羟基异戊酸、丙氨酸、丙酮、二甲胺、甘氨酸、乳酸、琥珀酸和牛磺酸。这些代谢变化,以及它们与血流动力学参数的统计学显著相关性,表明能量代谢途径对轻度低氧应激的适应性调节。