Rajesh P K, Lin C H Charles, Otsuka Y, Yamamoto M, Chen S P, Lin C Y, Matsuo T, Nishioka M, Perwitasari S, Jin H, Choi J M
Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 1;15(1):21500. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-08791-9.
A strong geomagnetic storm that occurred on 01-December-2023 triggered unusual equatorial plasma bubbles (EPB) over 100-140°E longitudes, which persisted for several hours after sunrise on the next day. FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 and ground-based global navigation satellite system observations, and Global Ionospheric Specification (GIS) electron density are used to investigate this long-lasting unseasonal EPB episode in the solstice period over Asia-Pacific. The results show that in presence of elevated F-layer bottom-side aided by prompt penetration electric field (PPEF), large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTID) generated by high-latitude Joule heating seeded the instability soon after sunset. However, it is a second phase of reinforced EPBs generated in the post-midnight period triggered by another group of larger LSTIDs that uncharacteristically prolonged into daytime hours. The GIS observations further provide evidence that the extremely low background ionization on the following day due to composition changes during the negative storm phase enabled these EPBs to survive even after sunrise before the depleted flux tubes were refilled by fresh ionization. The coordinated ground- and space-based observations demonstrate the causal links for the rare unseasonal EPBs occurring in the post-sunset and post-midnight periods over the same longitude sector and the latter persisting several hours after sunrise with potentially enduring space weather implications on satellite communication and navigation.
2023年12月1日发生的一场强烈地磁暴在东经100 - 140°引发了异常的赤道等离子体泡（EPB），这些等离子体泡在次日日出后持续了数小时。利用FORMOSAT - 7/COSMIC - 2卫星、地基全球导航卫星系统观测数据以及全球电离层规范（GIS）电子密度，对亚太地区冬至期间这一持续时间较长的非季节性EPB事件进行了研究。结果表明，在由迅速穿透电场（PPEF）辅助的F层底部升高的情况下，日落后不久，高纬度焦耳加热产生的大规模电离层行扰（LSTID）引发了这种不稳定性。然而，在午夜后阶段由另一组更大规模、异常持续到白天的LSTID触发了增强型EPB的第二阶段。GIS观测进一步提供了证据，表明由于负暴阶段期间成分变化导致次日背景电离极低，使得这些EPB在日出后、耗尽的通量管被新的电离重新填充之前仍能存在。地基和天基的协同观测证明了在同一经度扇区日落后和午夜后阶段出现的罕见非季节性EPB之间的因果联系，以及后者在日出后持续数小时，对卫星通信和导航可能产生持久的空间天气影响。
