Javier-Aliaga David, Anicama José, Calizaya-Milla Yaquelin E, Saintila Jacksaint
Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, 15464, Peru.
School of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, 15088, Peru.
BMC Psychol. 2025 Jul 1;13(1):680. doi: 10.1186/s40359-025-02760-7.
The high prevalence of depression among adolescents highlights the need for research aimed at identifying variables with predictive capacity for this condition. In parallel, the scarcity of single-item scales assessing happiness and self-efficacy underscores the importance of developing validated instruments tailored to the Peruvian context. This study aims to examine the predictive roles of perfectionism, self-efficacy, and happiness on depression, as well as the moderating role of sex among Peruvian adolescents. Additionally, it proposes the development of two new instruments: the Javier-Aliaga's Single-Item Scale of Happiness and the Single-Item Scale of Self-Efficacy.
A cross-sectional predictive study was conducted in 380 adolescents from a public school in Lima, Peru, of whom 50.3% were male and M = 13.9 (SD = 1.16). The Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS-2), the 6-item Perfectionism Scale (EDI-P6), the Javier-Aliaga's Single-Item Scale of Happiness (JASIHS-v1.0) and the Single-Item Scale of Self-Efficacy (JASISS-v1.0) were used. Predictive analysis was performed using multiple linear regression.
The multiple regression analysis showed that Model 2 was the most appropriate (F = 128, p < 0.001, BIC = 2878). The variables perfectionism (β = 0.283, CI [0.215, 0.351], p < 0.001), self-efficacy (β = -0.236, CI [-0.312, -0.161], p < 0.001), happiness (β = -0.386, CI [-0.463, -0.309], p < 0.001), and sex (β = 0.239, CI [0.170, 0.307], p < 0.001) explained 57.3% of the variability in depression (adjusted R = 0.573), with happiness being the most influential variable (β = -0.386). The moderation analysis revealed that sex significantly moderated the relationships between perfectionism (b = 0.713, CI [0.166, 1.260], p = 0.011), self-efficacy (b = -3.845, CI [-6.097, -1.593], p = 0.001), and happiness (b = -3.750, CI [-6.134, -1.367], p = 0.002) with depression, with these interactions being stronger in females. Additionally, the JASISS-v1.0 and JASIHS-v1.0 demonstrated excellent content validity (Aiken's V = 1.00; M = 3.00; SD = 0; 95% CI = 0.70-1.00) and acceptable test-retest reliability (0.71 for the JASISS-v1.0 and 0.76 for the JASIHS-v1.0).
The findings highlight the significant influence of perfectionism, self-efficacy, and happiness on depression among Peruvian adolescents, with happiness emerging as the most impactful variable. Moreover, the moderating role of sex suggests that interventions targeting these factors should be designed differently for males and females. Additionally, the development and validation of the JASIHS-v1.0 and the JASISS-v1.0 represent a valuable contribution by providing brief, culturally relevant, and psychometrically sound instruments.
青少年抑郁症的高患病率凸显了开展研究以确定对该病症具有预测能力的变量的必要性。与此同时，评估幸福感和自我效能感的单项量表稀缺，这凸显了开发适合秘鲁国情的有效工具的重要性。本研究旨在探讨完美主义、自我效能感和幸福感对秘鲁青少年抑郁症的预测作用，以及性别在其中的调节作用。此外，还提议开发两种新工具：哈维尔 - 阿利亚加幸福感单项量表和自我效能感单项量表。
对秘鲁利马一所公立学校的380名青少年进行了一项横断面预测性研究，其中50.3%为男性，平均年龄M = 13.9岁（标准差SD = 1.16）。使用了雷诺兹青少年抑郁量表（RADS - 2）、6项完美主义量表（EDI - P6）、哈维尔 - 阿利亚加幸福感单项量表（JASIHS - v1.0）和自我效能感单项量表（JASISS - v1.0）。采用多元线性回归进行预测分析。
多元回归分析表明模型2最合适（F = 128，p < 0.001，BIC = 2878）。完美主义（β = 0.283，置信区间CI [0.215, 0.351]，p < 0.001）、自我效能感（β = -0.236，置信区间CI [-0.312, -0.161]，p < 0.001）、幸福感（β = -0.386，置信区间CI [-0.463, -0.309]，p < 0.001）和性别（β = 0.239，置信区间CI [0.170, 0.307]，p < 0.001）解释了抑郁症变异性的57.3%（调整后R = 0.573），其中幸福感是最具影响力的变量（β = -0.386）。调节分析显示，性别显著调节了完美主义（b = 0.713，置信区间CI [0.166, 1.260]，p = 0.011）、自我效能感（b = -3.845，置信区间CI [-6.097, -1.593]，p = 0.001）和幸福感（b = -3.750，置信区间CI [-6.134, -1.367]，p = 0.002）与抑郁症之间的关系，这些交互作用在女性中更强。此外，JASISS - v1.0和JASIHS - v1.0表现出出色的内容效度（艾肯V = 1.00；M = 3.00；SD = 0；95%置信区间 = 0.70 - 1.00）和可接受的重测信度（JASISS - v1.0为0.71，JASIHS - v1.0为0.76）。
研究结果突出了完美主义、自我效能感和幸福感对秘鲁青少年抑郁症的显著影响，其中幸福感是最具影响力的变量。此外，性别的调节作用表明，针对这些因素的干预措施应为男性和女性设计不同的方案。此外，JASIHS - v1.0和JASISS - v1.0的开发和验证通过提供简短、与文化相关且心理测量学上合理的工具做出了有价值的贡献。
