Fu Xiaofeng, Cai Huimin, Quan Shuiyue, Ren Ziye, Xu Yinghao, Jia Longfei
Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.
Med Rev (2021). 2024 Dec 23;5(3):179-202. doi: 10.1515/mr-2024-0064. eCollection 2025 Jun.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder for which there are currently no effective treatment options. Increasing evidence suggests that AD is a systemic disease closely associated with the immune system, not merely a central nervous system (CNS) disorder. Immune cells play crucial roles in the onset and progression of AD. Microglia and astrocytes are the primary inflammatory cells in the brain that can sensitively detect changes in the internal environment and transform into different phenotypes to exert differing effects at various stages of AD. Peripheral immune cells, such as T cells, B cells, monocytes/macrophages, and neutrophils can also be recruited to the CNS to mediate the inflammatory response in AD. As such, investigating the role of immune cells in AD is particularly important for elucidating its specific pathogenesis. This review primarily discusses the roles of central innate immune cells, peripheral immune cells, and the interactions between central and peripheral immune cells in the development of neuroinflammation in AD. Furthermore, we listed clinical trials targeting AD-associated neuroinflammation, which may represent a promising direction for developing effective treatments for AD in the future.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种慢性神经退行性疾病，目前尚无有效的治疗方案。越来越多的证据表明，AD是一种与免疫系统密切相关的全身性疾病，而不仅仅是中枢神经系统（CNS）疾病。免疫细胞在AD的发病和进展中起着关键作用。小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞是大脑中的主要炎症细胞，它们能够灵敏地检测内环境的变化，并在AD的不同阶段转变为不同的表型以发挥不同的作用。外周免疫细胞，如T细胞、B细胞、单核细胞/巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞，也可被募集到CNS中，介导AD中的炎症反应。因此，研究免疫细胞在AD中的作用对于阐明其具体发病机制尤为重要。本综述主要讨论了中枢固有免疫细胞、外周免疫细胞以及中枢和外周免疫细胞之间的相互作用在AD神经炎症发展中的作用。此外，我们列出了针对AD相关神经炎症的临床试验，这可能代表了未来开发AD有效治疗方法的一个有前景的方向。
