Geinoro Tariku, Gebeyehu Alemayehu, Ngusie Getachew, Hunderra Gemechu Chala, Tolossa Tesfaye, Alemayehu Haile, Eguale Tadesse, Abebe Rahmeto
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
BMC Microbiol. 2025 Jul 2;25(1):402. doi: 10.1186/s12866-025-04128-8.
is one of the most common causes of foodborne diseases and is frequently reported to exacerbate the increase in multidrug resistance worldwide. Poor hygienic practices along the food chain and the cultural habits of consuming raw animal products contribute to the spread of infection and increased antibiotic resistance, especially in developing nations like Ethiopia.
A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to June 2023. The study aimed to detect and determine the antibiotic susceptibility of from cow milk and beef in the Hawassa, Yirgalem and Wondo Genet districts of the Sidama Regional State. A total of 216 samples (121 milk, 31 yogurt and 64 beef samples) were collected and analyzed using standard bacteriological procedures for the isolation and identification of . Positive isolates were further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). was tested for antibiotic susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.
was isolated from 6.5% to 4.17% of the total samples by culture and PCR-based methods, respectively. Prevalence at the sampling sites was 5.38% in Hawassa, 3.23% in Yirgalem, and 2.38% in Wondo Genet. There was no significant variation in prevalence among the districts ( = 0.18) or between milk (3.9%) and beef (4.7%) samples ( = 0.73). Likewise, there was no significant variation ( = 0.66) in isolation rate among retailers (4.84%), households (5.56%) and farms (1.85%), or between yogurt (6.45%) and raw milk (3.31%) ( = 0.10). Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated that all isolates were 100% resistant to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, clindamycin and cephalothin, while showing varying sensitivity to ceftriaxone (88.9%), chloramphenicol (55.6%) and gentamycin (66.7%). All isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR).
This study reveals that is prevalent in cow’s milk and beef produced and consumed in the study area, and has developed MDR, which poses a public health threat. Therefore, it is essential for dairy farmers, and milk and beef retailers to take necessary measures to minimize contamination in their products. Furthermore, dedicated engagement from district level animal health departments in educating dairy farmers about proper use of antibiotics at farm level would play a pivotal role in mitigating the increasing antibiotic resistance in spp.
是食源性疾病最常见的病因之一，并且经常被报道加剧全球多重耐药性的增加。食物链中不良的卫生习惯以及食用生动物产品的文化习惯导致感染传播和抗生素耐药性增加，尤其是在像埃塞俄比亚这样的发展中国家。
于2022年12月至2023年6月进行了一项横断面研究。该研究旨在检测和确定锡达马州哈瓦萨、伊尔加莱姆和翁多杰内特地区牛奶和牛肉中的抗生素敏感性。共收集了216份样本（121份牛奶、31份酸奶和64份牛肉样本），并使用标准细菌学程序进行分离和鉴定。阳性分离株通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）进一步确认。使用 Kirby-Bauer 纸片扩散法对进行抗生素敏感性测试。
通过培养法和基于PCR的方法分别从总样本的6.5%至4.17%中分离出。采样地点的患病率在哈瓦萨为5.38%，在伊尔加莱姆为3.23%，在翁多杰内特为2.38%。各地区之间的患病率（=0.18）或牛奶（3.9%）和牛肉（4.7%）样本之间（=0.73）没有显著差异。同样，零售商（4.84%）、家庭（5.56%）和农场（1.85%）之间的分离率或酸奶（6.45%）和生牛奶（3.31%）之间（=0.10）也没有显著差异（=0.66）。抗生素敏感性测试表明，所有分离株对氨苄西林、萘啶酸、克林霉素和头孢噻吩均100%耐药，而对头孢曲松（88.9%）、氯霉素（55.6%）和庆大霉素（66.7%）表现出不同程度的敏感性。所有分离株均表现出多重耐药性（MDR）。
本研究表明在研究区域生产和消费的牛奶和牛肉中普遍存在，并且已产生多重耐药性，这对公共卫生构成威胁。因此，奶农以及牛奶和牛肉零售商必须采取必要措施，尽量减少其产品中的污染。此外，地区级动物卫生部门专门开展工作，教育奶农在农场层面正确使用抗生素，将在减轻 spp. 中日益增加的抗生素耐药性方面发挥关键作用。
