Al-Mutawa Mariam, Baldauf Jörg, Müller Jan-Uwe, Schroeder Henry W S
Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg. 2025;55:111-136. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-90762-3_6.
The endoscopic endonasal approach is a major step forward in the treatment of clival chordomas. It has improved the resection rate and in the same time reduced the complications. Chordomas located in the upper and mid-clival regions are well-suited for a purely endoscopic endonasal resection. Although with angulated endoscopes and curved high-speed drills, lateral parts of the tumor can be resected, lower clival lesions often necessitating a combination of both endonasal and transcranial approaches. A major limitation is a caudal tumor extension beyond the dens axis. For more caudally located lesions, a transoral approach might be needed. Since chordomas of the lower clivus may destroy the condyles or the dens axis, a posterior stabilization is frequently required in a second step of the surgery. Even though a gross total resection has been achieved, chordoma has the tendency to recur. Therefore, the current standard of care is postoperative proton or carbon ion radiation. Chemotherapy is not effective in classic chordomas, but has its place in poorly differentiated tumor which mostly occur in children. Recently, molecular targeted therapies have given hope for effective medical treatment options in the future.
经鼻内镜入路是斜坡脊索瘤治疗的一项重大进展。它提高了切除率,同时减少了并发症。位于斜坡上、中部区域的脊索瘤非常适合单纯经鼻内镜切除术。尽管使用成角内镜和高速弯钻可以切除肿瘤的外侧部分,但斜坡下部的病变通常需要联合经鼻和经颅入路。一个主要的限制是肿瘤向尾侧延伸超过齿状突轴线。对于位置更靠尾侧的病变,可能需要经口入路。由于斜坡下部的脊索瘤可能会破坏髁突或齿状突轴线,因此在手术的第二步通常需要进行后路稳定。即使实现了肉眼全切,脊索瘤仍有复发倾向。因此,目前的标准治疗是术后质子或碳离子放疗。化疗对经典脊索瘤无效,但在主要发生于儿童的低分化肿瘤中具有一定作用。最近,分子靶向治疗为未来有效的医学治疗选择带来了希望。