Klotz Luisa, Saraste Maija, Airas Laura, Kuhlmann Tanja
Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
Free Neuropathol. 2025 Jul 8;6:14. doi: 10.17879/freeneuropathology-2025-6762. eCollection 2025.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex immune-mediated disease that leads to neurological disability, with ongoing challenges in understanding its initiation, predicting progression, and optimizing personalized treatment. This review article summarizes key research findings from 2024, covering advances in diagnostic criteria, understanding of pathophysiology, and treatment strategies. New studies reinforce the strong link between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and MS, while recent data point towards a role of genetics in MS disease progression. The 2024 McDonald criteria revision enhances diagnostic specificity and includes novel MRI markers and facilitates measurement of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Additionally, recent genetic discoveries, advanced imaging techniques, and emerging biomarkers are refining disease monitoring and prognosis. Finally, we highlight promising therapeutic developments, including Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitors and CAR T-cell therapies, with the former representing a paradigm shift in the potential of targeting MS progression beyond focal inflammation.
多发性硬化症（MS）是一种复杂的免疫介导疾病，可导致神经功能残疾，在理解其发病机制、预测疾病进展以及优化个性化治疗方面仍面临诸多挑战。这篇综述文章总结了2024年的关键研究发现，涵盖诊断标准的进展、对病理生理学的理解以及治疗策略。新的研究进一步证实了爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒（EBV）与MS之间的紧密联系，而近期数据表明遗传学在MS疾病进展中发挥作用。2024年麦克唐纳标准的修订提高了诊断特异性，纳入了新的MRI标志物，并便于测量脑脊液生物标志物。此外，近期的遗传学发现、先进的成像技术以及新兴的生物标志物正在改善疾病监测和预后。最后，我们重点介绍了有前景的治疗进展，包括布鲁顿酪氨酸激酶（BTK）抑制剂和嵌合抗原受体T细胞（CAR T）疗法，前者代表了在靶向MS进展方面超越局灶性炎症潜力的范式转变。
